Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

children up to six years of age

  • 1 educación infantil

    In Spain, a period of non-compulsory pre-school education. It provides care and teaching for children from birth to the age of six, when they begin formal education.
    Parents wishing their children to receive educación infantil take them to guarderías guardería (↑ guardería a1) catering for children up to six years of age, or to colegios colegio m A. (↑ colegio) that offer educación infantil to children from three to six years of age. Guarderías are not free and their cost varies according to whether they are privately or publicly funded.

    Spanish-English dictionary > educación infantil

  • 2 до

    I прийм.
    1) ( перед) before

    до нашої ери — before our era, before Christ (abbr. BC)

    до завтра — till tomorrow; see you tomorrow

    до цих пір — till now, up to now, hitherto

    3) ( напрямок дії) to, towards
    4) ( межа поширення дії) to, up to; as far as

    до деякої міри — in a measure, to some extent

    до кінця — to the end; completely, totally, fully

    до нескінченності — endlessly, for ever and ever, ad infinitum

    5) ( кількісна межа) as much as; ( менше) under; ( не більше) up to
    6) ( приблизно) about, approximately

    до межі — utterly, exceedingly, to the highest degree

    до такої міри (до того), що… — to such an extent that…, to the point where…

    8) (при позначенні мети, призначення) for; to
    9) (при позначенні об'єкта, стосовно якого виявляється якесь почуття) to, towards; for

    любов до батьківщини — love for/of one's country

    10)

    до запитання — poste restante, to be called for; general delivery

    до того ж — besides, moreover, in addition, what is more

    до бою! — action!; bear for action!

    до вашого відома — for your information, for your guidance

    до діла, до ладу — in place, appropriate(ly), to the point

    II с муз.
    ( нота) do

    Українсько-англійський словник > до

  • 3 дети до шести лет

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > дети до шести лет

  • 4 дети моложе шести лет

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > дети моложе шести лет

  • 5 bis

    I Präp.
    1. bei Zeitdauer: till, until; bis heute so far, to date; betont: to this day; bis dato förm. to date allg.; bis jetzt up to now; so far; bis jetzt noch nicht not (as) yet; ich habe bis jetzt nichts gehört I haven’t heard anything yet ( oder so far); bis dahin until then; (in der Zwischenzeit) in the meantime; siehe auch 2; bis auf weiteres for the present; Amtsspr. until further notice; bis in die Nacht into the night; bis spät in die Nacht until the early ( oder wee) hours; die Sonne schien bis zum Sonntag the sun shone (up) until Sunday; bis zum späten Nachmittag till late in the afternoon; bis vor einigen Jahren until a few years ago; bis Ende Mai habe ich zu tun I’m busy until the end of May, Am. auch I’m busy through May; bis zum Ende (right) to the end; bis wann wird es dauern? how long will it last?; mit Datum: in der Zeit vom... bis... between... and...; von morgens acht bis abends sechs from eight in the morning until six at night; von Montag bis Freitag Monday to (Am. auch through) Friday; bis einschließlich / ausschließlich up to and including / not including; bis morgen / Montag / bald! see you tomorrow / (on) Monday / soon; bis dann / später / gleich! umg. see you then ( oder later) / later / in a moment
    2. (bis spätestens) by; mit Verbkonstruktion: by the time...; bis er zurückkommt, ist es schon dunkel by the time he gets back, it will be dark; es muss bis Freitag eingereicht werden it has to be handed in by Friday; bis wann ist es fertig? when will it be ready by?; bis wann hast du Zeit? how much time have you got?; bis wann willst du es wieder haben? when do you want it back by?; bis ( spätestens) morgen weiß ich Bescheid I’ll know for definite (Am. sure) by tomorrow (at the latest); die Fotos sind bis frühestens übermorgen fertig the photos will be ready the day after tomorrow at the earliest; ich bin noch bis sechs Uhr im Büro I’ll be at work until six o’clock; bis Ende April ist er wieder zurück he will be back by the end of April; alle bis... eingegangenen Bewerbungen all applications received by ( oder before)...; er hätte bis jetzt da sein müssen he should have been there by now; bis dahin werden wir fertig sein etc. by then, by that time
    3. räumlich: to, up to, as far as; fährt der Bus bis Glasgow? does this bus go to Glasgow?; bis hierher up to here; bis hierher und nicht weiter auch fig. this far and no further; bis dahin as far as that ( oder there); bis dahin ist es nicht weit that’s not far; bis wohin? how far?; bis ans Knie up to one’s knees; Kleid: down to the knee; von hier bis New York from here to New York; wie weit ist es noch bis nach Innsbruck? how far is it to Innsbruck?, how far have we got to go (before we get) to Innsbruck?; weiterlesen bis Seite zwölf continue to read to page twelve; bis vor das Haus fahren drive up to the front door of the house, drive (right) up to the house; er folgte mir bis ins Hotelfoyer he followed me (right) into the lobby of the hotel ( nicht weiter: as far as the lobby of the hotel); der Blick reicht bis weit ins Tal the view stretches right into the valley; der Ball flog bis hinter den Zaun the ball went over the fence; hier 1, oben etc.
    4. Zahlenangabe: bis zu 100 Mann up to..., as many as...; bis zu 9 Meter hoch up to..., as high as...; bis 20 zählen count (up) to 20; Kinder bis zwölf Jahre children up to the age of twelve oder up to twelve years of age; bis auf das letzte Stück down to the last bit (Kuchen etc.: piece)
    5. bis aufs Höchste to the utmost; bis ins Kleinste down to the last detail; bis zur Tollkühnheit to the point of rashness; bis zum Überdruss ad nauseam; bis auf die Haut nass werden be soaked to the skin; Bewusstlosigkeit etc.
    6. (mit Ausnahme von) bis auf except, with the exception of; alle bis auf einen all except ( oder but) one; bis auf drei sind alle gekommen all except three have come; letzt... 1, 4
    II Konj.
    1. till, until; (bis spätestens) by the time; es wird eine Zeitlang dauern, bis er es merkt it will take a while for him to find out ( oder before he finds out); er kommt nicht, bis ich ihn rufe he won’t come until ( oder unless) I call him; du gehst nicht, bis du aufgeräumt hast you’re not going until ( oder before) you’ve tidied (Am. cleaned) up; bis dass der Tod euch scheidet until death do you part; bis ich das gefunden habe! verärgert: if I don’t find it soon!, by the time I find it...!
    2. zwischen Zahladjektiven: to; 7 bis 10 Tage from 7 to 10 days, between 7 and 10 days; 5 bis 6 Wagen 5 to 6 cars
    3. heiter bis wolkig / sonnig bis leicht bedeckt im Wetterbericht: generally fine, cloudy in places / sunny with light cloud cover; die Tendenz war lustlos bis verhalten an der Börse: the tendency was slack to cautious
    * * *
    until (Präp.); to (Präp.); by (Präp.); unto (Präp.); as far as (Präp.); till (Präp.)
    * * *
    bịs I [bɪs]
    adv (MUS)
    bis, twice II [bɪs]
    1. PRÄPOSITION (+acc)
    1) zeitlich until; (= bis spätestens) byIm Sinne von bis spätestens wird bis meist mit by übersetzt.

    bis 5 Uhr mache ich Hausaufgaben, und dann... — I do my homework until 5 o'clock, and then...

    das muss bis Ende Mai wartenthat will have to wait until or till the end of May

    ich kann nur ( noch) bis nächste Woche warten — I can only wait until next week, no longer

    er ist bis gegen 5 Uhr noch dahe'll be there (up) until or till about 5 o'clock

    bis zum Schluss war unklar, wie der Prozess ausgehen würde — the outcome of the trial was in doubt right up to the end

    es dauert mindestens/höchstens bis nächste Woche — it will take until next week at the very least/most

    bis jetzt hat er nichts gesagtup to now or so far he has said nothing

    bis spätestens Montag darfst du es behalten — you can keep it until Monday, no longer

    die Wäsche ist frühestens bis nächsten Montag fertigthe laundry won't be ready until or before next Monday at the earliest

    dieser Brauch hat sich bis ins 19. Jahrhundert gehalten — this custom continued into the 19th century

    bis in den Sommer/die Nacht hinein — into the summer/night

    bis 5 Uhr kann ich das unmöglich machen/gemacht haben — I can't possibly do it/get it done by 5 o'clock

    das sollte bis zum nächsten Sommer fertig sein — it should be finished by next summer

    das hätte eigentlich bis jetzt fertig sein müssen — that should really have been finished by now

    bis einschließlich 5. Mai — up to and including 5th May

    bis ausschließlich 5. Mai — up to but not including 5th May

    bis bald/später/morgen! — see you soon/later/tomorrow!

    bis wann bleibt ihr hier?how long are you staying here?

    sie geht bis auf Weiteres auf die Schule in der Kantstraße — for the time being, she'll continue going to the school on Kantstraße

    bis dann!see you then!diams; von... bis... from... to or till or through (US)...; (mit Uhrzeiten) from... till or to...

    vom 10. Mai bis 12. Oktober — from 10th May until 12th October

    vom 10. Mai bis einschließlich 12. Oktober — from 10th May until 12th October inclusive

    2) räumlich to; (in Buch, Film, Erzählung) up to

    bis durch/über/unter — right through/over/under

    bis ins Letzte or Kleinstedown to the smallest detail

    bis wo/wohin? — how far?

    wie weit ist es zum nächsten Supermarkt? – bis dorthin sind es nur 5 km — how far is the nearest supermarket? – it's only 5km (away)

    bis hierher hast du ja recht gehabtso or this far you've been right

    ich gehe bis hierher, aber nicht weiter — I'll go as far as that, but no further

    bis einschließlich Kapitel 3 — up to the end of chapter 3

    Kinder bis sechs Jahre, bis sechs Jahre alte Kinder — children up to the age of six

    4) andere Wendungendiams; bis zu (= bis zu einer oberen Grenze von) up to; (= bis zu einer unteren Grenze von) (down) to

    es sind alle gekommen, bis auf Sandra — they all came, except Sandra

    das Schiff ging unter und sie ertranken alle, bis auf den letzten Mann — the ship sank and every single one of them drowned

    2. BINDEWORT
    2) unterordnend zeitlich until, till; (= nicht später als) by the time

    ich warte noch, bis es dunkel wird — I'll wait until or till it gets dark

    bis es dunkel wird, möchte ich zu Hause sein — I want to get home before it gets dark

    das muss gemacht sein, bis ich nach Hause komme — it must be done by the time I come home

    du gehst hier nicht weg, bis das (nicht) gemacht ist — you're not leaving until or before it's done

    3) = sobald Aus inf when

    gleich bis er kommtthe moment he comes (inf), as soon as he comes

    * * *
    1) (to the place or point mentioned: We walked as far as the lake.) as far as
    2) (as far, or as much, as: He counted up to 100; Up to now, the work has been easy.) up to
    3) (to the time of or when: I'll wait till six o'clock; Go on till you reach the station.) till
    4) (as far as: His story is a lie from beginning to end.) to
    5) (until: Did you stay to the end of the concert?) to
    6) (to the time of or when: He was here until one o'clock; I won't know until I get a letter from him.) until
    * * *
    [bɪs]
    I. präp + akk
    1. (zeitlich) till, until; (nicht später als) by
    \bis anhin SCHWEIZ up to now
    \bis bald/gleich see you soon/in a little while [or a minute]
    \bis dahin/dann by then
    \bis dann! till then!
    \bis dahin bin ich alt und grau! I'll be old and grey by then!
    \bis dahin war alles gut gegangen until then everything had gone well
    \bis einschließlich [o SCHWEIZ und mit] up to and including
    das Angebot läuft noch \bis einschließlich 15.Oktober the offer runs up to and including October 15
    ich habe noch \bis einschließlich Dienstag Urlaub I am on holidays until Wednesday
    \bis jetzt up to now, so far; (spätestens jetzt) by now
    \bis jetzt haben wir 200.000 Ausgaben verkauft up to now [or so far] we've sold 200,000 copies
    \bis jetzt ist noch alles ruhig so far everything is still quiet
    das hätte \bis jetzt erledigt sein sollen that should have been done by now
    \bis jetzt noch nicht not yet
    irgendwelche Beschwerden?nein, \bis jetzt jedenfalls noch nicht! any complaints? — no, nothing so far anyway
    \bis Montag/morgen/nächste Woche/später till Monday/tomorrow/next week/later
    \bis Montag/morgen/nächste Woche fertig sein müssen to have to be ready by Monday/tomorrow/next month
    dann bis später/Montag! see you later/on Monday!
    \bis spätestens... by... at the latest
    er bleibt \bis spätestens Freitag he is going to stay until Friday at the latest
    der Text muss \bis spätestens Montag fertig sein the text hast to be ready by Monday at the latest
    \bis [gegen] 8 Uhr until [about] 8 o' clock
    \bis wann until when
    \bis wann gilt der Fahrplan? when is the timetable valid till?, how long is the timetable valid?
    \bis wann weiß ich, ob Sie das Angebot annehmen? [by] when will I know, whether you're going to accept the offer?
    \bis wann bleibst du? how long are you staying [for]?
    \bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt up to this time
    \bis in etw akk into sth
    \bis spät in die Nacht long into the night
    \bis in die frühen Morgenstunden until the early hours [of the morning]
    von... [an] \bis... from... until...
    von Montag \bis Samstag from Monday to Saturday, Monday through Saturday AM
    ich bin von heute [an] \bis einschließlich Mittwoch auf einer Tagung I'm at a meeting from today until the end of Wednesday [or until Wednesday inclusive]
    \bis zu etw dat until [or till] sth; (nicht später als) by sth
    \bis zu dieser Stunde habe ich davon nichts gewusst! I knew nothing about it until now
    das Projekt dürfte \bis zum Jahresende abgeschlossen sein the project should be finished by [or before] the end of the year
    sie war \bis zum 17. Lebensjahr im Internat she was at boarding school until she was 17
    jetzt sind es nur noch zwei Stunden \bis nach Hause it's only another two hours until we get home
    2. (räumlich) to; (nicht weiter als) as far as
    der Zug geht nur \bis Wertheim the train's only going as far as Wertheim
    jdn von oben \bis unten mustern to look sb up and down
    er musterte ihn von oben \bis unten he looked him up and down
    der Hof geht genau \bis dahinten hin the yard runs right through to the back
    \bis dahin/dorthin [up] to there
    \bis dorthin sind es nur 3 Kilometer it's only 3 kilometres there
    siehst du die Sandbank? wir schwimmen \bis dahin can you see the sandbank? we'll swim out to there
    \bis dahin/hierhin [o hierher] up to that/this point
    \bis dahin kenne ich den Film I know the film up to that point
    \bis hierher und nicht weiter as far as here [or up to here] and no further
    \bis wohin [o (fam) wo] where to
    bis wohin können Sie mich mitnehmen? where can you take me to?, how far can you take me?
    \bis wohin sind wir in der letzten Stunde gekommen? where did we get to [or how far did we get] in the last lesson?
    \bis an/in/über/unter etw akk up to/into/over/under sth
    die Äste reichen [ganz] \bis ans Haus the branches reach [right] up to the house
    der Rock ging ihr \bis ans Knie the skirt reached down to her knees
    \bis vor etw akk/zu etw dat [up] to sth
    3. (bei Zahlenangaben) up to
    die Tagestemperaturen steigen \bis 30°C daytime temperatures rise to 30°C
    ich zähle \bis drei I'll count [up] to three
    Kinder \bis 6 Jahre children up to [the age of] 6
    \bis zu etw dat up to sth
    wir erwarten \bis zu 100 Personen we expect as many as 100 people
    die Pflanze kann \bis zu 2 Metern hoch wachsen the plant can grow as high as 2 metres
    Jugendliche \bis zu 18 Jahren adolescents up to [the age of] 18
    4. (mit Ausnahme von)
    \bis auf [o SCHWEIZ an] jdn/etw except [for] sb/sth
    \bis auf jdn/etw down to sb/sth
    II. konj
    400 \bis 500 Gramm Schinken 400 to 500 grams of ham
    5 \bis 10 Tage from 5 to [or between 5 and] 10 days
    das Wetter morgen: bewölkt \bis bedeckt und strichweise leichter Regen the weather for tomorrow: cloudy or overcast with light rain in places
    2. (unterordnend) till, until; (bevor) by the time; (bevor nicht) till, until
    ich möchte mit meiner Entscheidung warten, \bis ich mehr Informationen habe I'd like to wait with my decision until I've got more information
    \bis es dunkel wird, möchte ich zu Hause sein I want to be home by the time it gets dark
    ich warte noch, \bis es dunkel wird I'll wait until it gets dark
    \bis die Hausaufgaben gemacht sind, geht ihr nicht raus! you're not going out until your homework's done!
    III. adv MUS bis spec
    * * *
    1.
    1) (zeitlich) until; till; (die ganze Zeit über und bis zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt) up to; up until; up till; (nicht später als) by

    bis gestern glaubte ich... — [up] until yesterday I had thought...

    von Dienstag bis Donnerstag — from Tuesday to Thursday; Tuesday through Thursday (Amer.)

    von sechs bis sieben [Uhr] — from six until or till seven [o'clock]

    bis Ende März ist er zurück/verreist — he'll be back by/away until the end of March

    bis wann dauert das Konzert?till or until when does the concert go on?

    bis dann/gleich/später/morgen/nachher! — see you then/in a while/later/tomorrow/later!

    2) (räumlich, fig.) to

    nur bis Seite 100only up to or as far as page 100

    bis 5 000 Euro — up to 5,000 euros

    Kinder bis 6 Jahrechildren up to the age of six or up to six years of age

    2.
    1)

    Städte bis zu 50 000 Einwohnern — towns of up to 50,000 inhabitants

    2)

    bis auf (einschließlich) down to; (mit Ausnahme von) except for

    3.
    2) (unterordnend) until; till; (österr.): (sobald) when
    * * *
    A. präp
    1. bei Zeitdauer: till, until;
    bis heute so far, to date; betont: to this day;
    bis dato form to date allg;
    bis jetzt up to now; so far;
    bis jetzt noch nicht not (as) yet;
    ich habe bis jetzt nichts gehört I haven’t heard anything yet ( oder so far);
    bis dahin until then; (in der Zwischenzeit) in the meantime; auch 2;
    bis auf weiteres for the present; ADMIN until further notice;
    bis in die Nacht into the night;
    bis spät in die Nacht until the early ( oder wee) hours;
    die Sonne schien bis zum Sonntag the sun shone (up) until Sunday;
    bis zum späten Nachmittag till late in the afternoon;
    bis vor einigen Jahren until a few years ago;
    bis Ende Mai habe ich zu tun I’m busy until the end of May, US auch I’m busy through May;
    bis zum Ende (right) to the end;
    bis wann wird es dauern? how long will it last?; mit Datum:
    in der Zeit vom … bis … between … and …;
    von morgens acht bis abends sechs from eight in the morning until six at night;
    von Montag bis Freitag Monday to (US auch through) Friday;
    bis einschließlich/ausschließlich up to and including/not including;
    bis morgen/Montag/bald! see you tomorrow/(on) Monday/soon;
    bis dann/später/gleich! umg see you then ( oder later)/later/in a moment
    2. (bis spätestens) by; mit Verbkonstruktion: by the time …;
    bis er zurückkommt, ist es schon dunkel by the time he gets back, it will be dark;
    es muss bis Freitag eingereicht werden it has to be handed in by Friday;
    bis wann ist es fertig? when will it be ready by?;
    bis wann hast du Zeit? how much time have you got?;
    bis wann willst du es wieder haben? when do you want it back by?;
    bis (spätestens) morgen weiß ich Bescheid I’ll know for definite (US sure) by tomorrow (at the latest);
    die Fotos sind bis frühestens übermorgen fertig the photos will be ready the day after tomorrow at the earliest;
    ich bin noch bis sechs Uhr im Büro I’ll be at work until six o’clock;
    bis Ende April ist er wieder zurück he will be back by the end of April;
    alle bis … eingegangenen Bewerbungen all applications received by ( oder before) …;
    er hätte bis jetzt da sein müssen he should have been there by now;
    bis dahin werden wir fertig sein etc by then, by that time
    3. räumlich: to, up to, as far as;
    fährt der Bus bis Glasgow? does this bus go to Glasgow?;
    bis hierher up to here;
    bis hierher und nicht weiter auch fig this far and no further;
    bis dahin as far as that ( oder there);
    bis dahin ist es nicht weit that’s not far;
    bis wohin? how far?;
    bis ans Knie up to one’s knees; Kleid: down to the knee;
    von hier bis New York from here to New York;
    wie weit ist es noch bis nach Innsbruck? how far is it to Innsbruck?, how far have we got to go (before we get) to Innsbruck?;
    weiterlesen bis Seite zwölf continue to read to page twelve;
    bis vor das Haus fahren drive up to the front door of the house, drive (right) up to the house;
    er folgte mir bis ins Hotelfoyer he followed me (right) into the lobby of the hotel ( nicht weiter: as far as the lobby of the hotel);
    der Blick reicht bis weit ins Tal the view stretches right into the valley;
    der Ball flog bis hinter den Zaun the ball went over the fence; hier 1, oben etc
    bis zu 100 Mann up to …, as many as …;
    hoch up to …, as high as …;
    bis 20 zählen count (up) to 20;
    Kinder bis zwölf Jahre children up to the age of twelve oder up to twelve years of age;
    bis auf das letzte Stück down to the last bit (Kuchen etc: piece)
    5.
    bis aufs Höchste to the utmost;
    bis ins Kleinste down to the last detail;
    bis zur Tollkühnheit to the point of rashness;
    bis zum Überdruss ad nauseam;
    bis auf die Haut nass werden be soaked to the skin; Bewusstlosigkeit etc
    bis auf except, with the exception of;
    alle bis auf einen all except ( oder but) one;
    bis auf drei sind alle gekommen all except three have come; letzt…
    B. konj
    1. till, until; (bis spätestens) by the time;
    es wird eine Zeitlang dauern, bis er es merkt it will take a while for him to find out ( oder before he finds out);
    er kommt nicht, bis ich ihn rufe he won’t come until ( oder unless) I call him;
    du gehst nicht, bis du aufgeräumt hast you’re not going until ( oder before) you’ve tidied (US cleaned) up;
    bis dass der Tod euch scheidet until death do you part;
    bis ich das gefunden habe! verärgert: if I don’t find it soon!, by the time I find it …!
    7 bis 10 Tage from 7 to 10 days, between 7 and 10 days;
    5 bis 6 Wagen 5 to 6 cars
    3.
    heiter bis wolkig/sonnig bis leicht bedeckt im Wetterbericht: generally fine, cloudy in places/sunny with light cloud cover;
    die Tendenz war lustlos bis verhalten an der Börse: the tendency was slack to cautious
    * * *
    1.
    1) (zeitlich) until; till; (die ganze Zeit über und bis zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt) up to; up until; up till; (nicht später als) by

    bis gestern glaubte ich... — [up] until yesterday I had thought...

    von Dienstag bis Donnerstag — from Tuesday to Thursday; Tuesday through Thursday (Amer.)

    von sechs bis sieben [Uhr] — from six until or till seven [o'clock]

    bis Ende März ist er zurück/verreist — he'll be back by/away until the end of March

    bis wann dauert das Konzert?till or until when does the concert go on?

    bis dann/gleich/später/morgen/nachher! — see you then/in a while/later/tomorrow/later!

    2) (räumlich, fig.) to

    nur bis Seite 100only up to or as far as page 100

    bis 5 000 Euro — up to 5,000 euros

    Kinder bis 6 Jahrechildren up to the age of six or up to six years of age

    2.
    1)

    Städte bis zu 50 000 Einwohnern — towns of up to 50,000 inhabitants

    2)

    bis auf (einschließlich) down to; (mit Ausnahme von) except for

    3.
    2) (unterordnend) until; till; (österr.): (sobald) when
    * * *
    (dass) konj.
    until conj. (zu) konj.
    till conj. konj.
    till conj.
    unless conj. präp.
    as far as prep.
    by prep.
    until conj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > bis

  • 6 Alter

    I Komp. alt; der ältere Bruder her etc. elder brother; Breughel der Ältere (abgek. d. Ä.) Breughel the Elder
    II Adj.
    1. euph. (alt) elderly
    2. JUR. Anspruch: prior
    * * *
    das Alter
    old age; age; the old age; antiqueness; seniority
    * * *
    Ạl|ter ['altɐ]
    nt -s, -
    age; (= letzter Lebensabschnitt, hohes Alter) old age

    im Alterin one's old age

    in deinem Alterat your age

    im Alter von 18 Jahrenat the age of 18

    von mittlerem Alter, mittleren Alters — middle-aged

    57 ist doch kein Alter, um in Rente zu gehen — 57 is no age to retire

    er hat keinen Respekt vor dem Alterhe has no respect for his elders

    * * *
    das
    1) (the amount of time during which a person or thing has existed: He went to school at the age of six (years); What age is she?) age
    2) (the quality of being old: This wine will improve with age; With the wisdom of age he regretted the mistakes he had made in his youth.) age
    3) (great age: a statue of great antiquity.) antiquity
    * * *
    Al·te(r)
    [ˈaltə, -tɐ]
    f(m) dekl wie adj
    1. (fam: alter Mann) old geezer; (alte Frau) old dear [or girl]
    die \Altern the older generation, the old folks fam
    2. (fam: Ehemann, Vater) old man; (Mutter) old woman
    meine/die \Alter (Ehefrau) the old wife fam
    die/jds \Altern (Eltern) the/sb's old folks
    3. (fam: Vorgesetzter)
    der/die \Alter the boss
    4. pl (die Ahnen)
    die \Altern the ancients
    die \Altern the parent animals
    6.
    wie die \Altern sungen, so zwitschern auch die Jungen (prov) like father, like son prov
    Al·ter
    <-s, ->
    [ˈaltɐ]
    nt
    1. (Lebensalter) age
    wenn du erst mal mein \Alter erreicht hast,... when you're as old as I am,...
    in jds dat \Alter at sb's age
    mittleren \Alters middle-aged
    in vorgerücktem \Alter (geh) at an advanced age
    im zarten \Alter von... (geh) at the tender age of...
    in jds \Alter sein to be the same age as sb
    er ist in meinem \Alter he's my age
    das ist doch kein \Alter! that's not old!
    2. (Bejahrtheit) old age
    er hat keinen Respekt vor dem \Alter he doesn't respect his elders
    im \Alter in old age
    3.
    \Alter schützt vor Torheit nicht (prov) there's no fool like an old fool prov
    * * *
    das; Alters, Alter: age; (hohes Alter) old age
    * * *
    Alter n; -s, -
    1. (auch von Tieren und Dingen) age;
    er ist in meinem Alter he’s (about) my age;
    im Alter von 20 Jahren at the age of twenty;
    darf ich Sie nach Ihrem Alter fragen? may I ask how old you are?;
    mittleren Alters, von mittlerem Alter middle-aged;
    im besten Alter in the prime of life;
    in hohem Alter at a ripe old age;
    ein schönes/biblisches Alter erreichen reach a ripe/venerable old age;
    im zarten Alter von at the tender age of;
    ins heiratsfähige/schulpflichtige Alter kommen reach marriageable/school age;
    gemäß benehmen act one’s age;
    aus dem Alter müsstest du heraus sein you should have grown out of that by now;
    2. (Greisenalter) (old) age;
    im Alter lässt das Gehör nach (one’s) hearing diminishes in later years;
    vom Alter gebeugt bent by age;
    fürs Alter sparen put something by for one’s old age;
    Alter schützt vor Torheit nicht sprichw there’s no fool like an old fool
    3. (Dienstalter) seniority
    * * *
    das; Alters, Alter: age; (hohes Alter) old age
    * * *
    -- n.
    age n.
    old age n.
    seniority n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Alter

  • 7 älter

    I Komp. alt; der ältere Bruder her etc. elder brother; Breughel der Ältere (abgek. d. Ä.) Breughel the Elder
    II Adj.
    1. euph. (alt) elderly
    2. JUR. Anspruch: prior
    * * *
    das Alter
    old age; age; the old age; antiqueness; seniority
    * * *
    Ạl|ter ['altɐ]
    nt -s, -
    age; (= letzter Lebensabschnitt, hohes Alter) old age

    im Alterin one's old age

    in deinem Alterat your age

    im Alter von 18 Jahrenat the age of 18

    von mittlerem Alter, mittleren Alters — middle-aged

    57 ist doch kein Alter, um in Rente zu gehen — 57 is no age to retire

    er hat keinen Respekt vor dem Alterhe has no respect for his elders

    * * *
    das
    1) (the amount of time during which a person or thing has existed: He went to school at the age of six (years); What age is she?) age
    2) (the quality of being old: This wine will improve with age; With the wisdom of age he regretted the mistakes he had made in his youth.) age
    3) (great age: a statue of great antiquity.) antiquity
    * * *
    Al·te(r)
    [ˈaltə, -tɐ]
    f(m) dekl wie adj
    1. (fam: alter Mann) old geezer; (alte Frau) old dear [or girl]
    die \Altern the older generation, the old folks fam
    2. (fam: Ehemann, Vater) old man; (Mutter) old woman
    meine/die \Alter (Ehefrau) the old wife fam
    die/jds \Altern (Eltern) the/sb's old folks
    3. (fam: Vorgesetzter)
    der/die \Alter the boss
    4. pl (die Ahnen)
    die \Altern the ancients
    die \Altern the parent animals
    6.
    wie die \Altern sungen, so zwitschern auch die Jungen (prov) like father, like son prov
    Al·ter
    <-s, ->
    [ˈaltɐ]
    nt
    1. (Lebensalter) age
    wenn du erst mal mein \Alter erreicht hast,... when you're as old as I am,...
    in jds dat \Alter at sb's age
    mittleren \Alters middle-aged
    in vorgerücktem \Alter (geh) at an advanced age
    im zarten \Alter von... (geh) at the tender age of...
    in jds \Alter sein to be the same age as sb
    er ist in meinem \Alter he's my age
    das ist doch kein \Alter! that's not old!
    2. (Bejahrtheit) old age
    er hat keinen Respekt vor dem \Alter he doesn't respect his elders
    im \Alter in old age
    3.
    \Alter schützt vor Torheit nicht (prov) there's no fool like an old fool prov
    * * *
    das; Alters, Alter: age; (hohes Alter) old age
    * * *
    A. komp alt;
    der ältere Bruder her etc elder brother;
    Breughel der Ältere (abk d. Ä.) Breughel the Elder
    B. adj
    1. euph (alt) elderly
    2. JUR Anspruch: prior
    * * *
    das; Alters, Alter: age; (hohes Alter) old age
    * * *
    -- n.
    age n.
    old age n.
    seniority n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > älter

  • 8 unter

    I Präp. (+ Dat)
    1. under, below; (bes. direkt unter) underneath; unter... hervor from under...; unter 21 ( Jahren) under 21 (years of age); unter zehn Euro under ( oder less than) ten euros; unter seiner Regierung under ( oder during) his reign; unter sich haben (Angestellte, Abteilung etc.) be in charge of; Land unter! land under water!
    2. (zwischen) among; einer unter vielen one of many; nicht einer unter hundert not one in a hundred; unter anderem (u.a.) among other things
    3. unter Beifall amid applause; unter Tränen in tears, tearfully; unter großem Gelächter amid gales of laughter
    4. unter der Woche during the week; unter Mittag / Tags at ( oder around) midday / during the day
    5. unter diesem Gesichtspunkt from this point of view; was versteht man unter...? what is meant by...?; Kritik, Würde, uns etc.
    II Präp. (+ Akk) under; die Temperaturen sanken unter den Gefrierpunkt the temperatures dropped below freezing point; wir mischten uns unter die Menge we mixed with the crowd; etw. unter die Leute bringen (Neuigkeit etc.) spread s.th.
    * * *
    nether (Adj.); lower (Adj.);
    (mitten unter) between (Präp.); among (Präp.);
    (unterhalb) below (Präp.); beneath (Präp.); underneath (Präp.); under (Präp.)
    * * *
    ụn|ter ['ʊntɐ]
    prep
    1) +dat (= unterhalb von) under; (= drunter) underneath, below; (Unterordnung ausdrückend) under; (= zwischen, innerhalb) among(st); (= weniger, geringer als) under, below

    unter 18 Jahren/EUR 50 — under 18 years (of age)/50 euros

    Städte unter 10.000 Einwohner(n) — towns with a population of under or below 10,000

    unter anderem — among other things, inter alia (form)

    2) +acc under

    bis unter das Dach voll mit... — full to bursting with...

    * * *
    1) (in shares or parts to each person (in a group etc): Divide the chocolate amongst you.) among
    2) (in shares or parts to each person (in a group etc): Divide the chocolate amongst you.) amongst
    3) (lower in position, rank, standard etc than: She hurt her leg below the knee; His work is below standard.) below
    4) (in a lower position than; under; below: beneath the floorboards; beneath her coat.) beneath
    5) (not worthy of: It is beneath my dignity to do that.) beneath
    6) (in or to a position lower than, or covered by: Your pencil is under the chair; Strange plants grow under the sea.) under
    7) (subject to the authority of: As a foreman, he has about fifty workers under him.) under
    8) (used to express various states: The fort was under attack; The business improved under the new management; The matter is under consideration/discussion.) under
    9) (at or to a lower position (than); beneath: She was standing underneath the light; Have you looked underneath the bed?) underneath
    * * *
    un·ter
    [ˈʊntɐ]
    1. +dat (unterhalb von etw) under, underneath
    \unter der Jacke trug sie ein T-Shirt she wore a t-shirt under the jacket
    \unter freiem Himmel in the open air
    etw \unter dem Mikroskop betrachten to look at sth under the microscope
    das Haus war bis \unter das Dach voll mit alten Möbeln the house was full to the rafters with old furniture
    sich akk \unter die Dusche stellen to have a shower
    3. +dat (zahlen-, wertmäßig kleiner als) below
    die Temperaturen liegen hier immer \unter null the temperatures here are always below zero
    der Preis liegt \unter zehn Euro the price is less than ten euros
    \unter dem Durchschnitt liegen to be below average
    \unter 50 Stück less than 50 pieces
    Kinder \unter sechs Jahren children under six years of age
    etw \unter Wert verkaufen to sell sth at less than its value
    4. +dat (inmitten) among[st]
    \unter anderem amongst other things [or spec inter alia]
    einer \unter tausend one in a thousand
    einer \unter vielen one of many
    \unter sich dat sein to be by themselves
    5. +dat (zwischen) between
    \unter uns gesagt between you and me
    \unter Menschen gehen to get out [of the house]
    sich akk \unter das Volk mischen (fam) to mix with the people
    7. +dat (begleitet von) under
    \unter der Bedingung, dass... on condition that...
    \unter Beifall/Gelächter/Tränen amid applause/laughter/tears
    \unter Lebensgefahr at risk to one's life
    \unter Umständen possibly
    \unter Verwendung einer S. gen by using sth
    \unter Zwang under duress
    8. +dat o akk (zugeordnet sein) under
    was ist \unter diesem Begriff zu verstehen? what is meant by this term?
    \unter diesem Datum gibt es keinen Eintrag there is no entry under this date
    eine Abteilung \unter sich dat haben to be in charge of a department
    jdn \unter sich dat haben to have sb under one
    etw \unter ein Motto stellen to put sth under a motto
    \unter jds Schirmherrschaft under sb's patronage
    9. +dat (in einem Zustand) under
    \unter Druck/Strom stehen to be under pressure
    \unter einer Krankheit leiden to suffer from an illness
    10. + dat SÜDD (während) during
    \unter Mittag in the morning
    \unter der Woche during the week
    II. adv
    1. (jünger als) under
    er ist noch \unter 30 he's not yet turned 30
    2. (weniger als) less than
    * * *
    1.
    1) (Lage, Standort, Abhängigkeit, Unterordnung) under
    2) (weniger, niedriger usw. als)
    3) during; (modal)

    unter Angst/Tränen — in or out of fear/in tears

    4) (aus einer Gruppe) among[st]

    unter anderem — among[st] other things

    5) (zwischen) among[st]
    6) (Zustand) under

    unter Strom stehen — be live; s. auch Tag 1), Woche

    2.
    1) (Richtung, Ziel, Abhängigkeit, Unterordnung) under
    3) (zwischen) among[st]

    unter Strom/Dampf setzen — switch on/put under steam

    3.
    Adverb less than
    * * *
    unter1
    A. präp (+dat)
    1. under, below; (besonders direkt unter) underneath;
    unter … hervor from under …;
    unter 21 (Jahren) under 21 (years of age);
    unter zehn Euro under ( oder less than) ten euros;
    unter seiner Regierung under ( oder during) his reign;
    unter sich haben (Angestellte, Abteilung etc) be in charge of;
    Land unter! land under water!
    2. (zwischen) among;
    einer unter vielen one of many;
    nicht einer unter hundert not one in a hundred;
    unter anderem (u. a.) among other things
    3.
    unter Beifall amid applause;
    unter Tränen in tears, tearfully;
    unter großem Gelächter amid gales of laughter
    4.
    unter der Woche during the week;
    unter Mittag at ( oder around) midday
    5.
    unter diesem Gesichtspunkt from this point of view;
    was versteht man unter …? what is meant by …?; Kritik, Würde, uns etc
    B. präp (+akk) under;
    die Temperaturen sanken unter den Gefrierpunkt the temperatures dropped below freezing point;
    wir mischten uns unter die Menge we mixed with the crowd;
    etwas unter die Leute bringen (Neuigkeit etc) spread sth
    unter2 v/t (irr, untrennb, hat)
    1. (bleiben) refrain from (+ger) (aufhören mit) stop (+ger) (Bemerkung) leave unsaid, (auch Witz) drop;
    unterlass diese Bemerkungen, bitte we can do without your comments, thank you
    2.
    es unter zu (+inf) omit ( oder fail) to (+inf) schuldhaft: neglect to (+inf)
    untere Hilfeleistung JUR failure to give assistance
    * * *
    1.
    1) (Lage, Standort, Abhängigkeit, Unterordnung) under
    2) (weniger, niedriger usw. als)
    3) during; (modal)

    unter Angst/Tränen — in or out of fear/in tears

    4) (aus einer Gruppe) among[st]

    unter anderem — among[st] other things

    5) (zwischen) among[st]
    6) (Zustand) under

    unter Strom stehen — be live; s. auch Tag 1), Woche

    2.
    1) (Richtung, Ziel, Abhängigkeit, Unterordnung) under
    3) (zwischen) among[st]

    unter Strom/Dampf setzen — switch on/put under steam

    3.
    Adverb less than
    * * *
    adj.
    hypo adj.
    inferior adj.
    underneath adj. adv.
    below adv.
    between adv. präp.
    among prep.
    beneath prep.
    nether prep.
    under prep.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > unter

  • 9 bis

    bis [bɪs] präp +akk
    ich zähle \bis drei I'll count [up] to three;
    von... \bis... from... until...;
    von Montag \bis Samstag from Monday to Saturday;
    \bis morgen/ später/ Montag/ nächste Woche see you tomorrow/later/on Monday/next week;
    \bis bald/ gleich see you soon/in a little while [or a minute];
    \bis dann! until then!;
    \bis dahin/ dann by then;
    \bis dahin bin ich alt und grau! I'll be old and grey by then!;
    \bis dahin war alles gut gegangen until then everything had gone well;
    \bis einschließlich up to and including;
    ich bin von heute an \bis einschließlich Mittwoch auf einer Tagung I'm at a meeting from today until the end of Wednesday [or until Wednesday inclusive];
    \bis jetzt up to now;
    \bis jetzt ist noch alles ruhig so far everything is still quiet;
    irgendwelche Beschwerden? - nein, \bis jetzt jedenfalls noch nicht! any complaints? - no, nothing so far anyway;
    \bis später! see you later!;
    \bis wann? until when?;
    \bis wann gilt der Fahrplan? when is the timetable valid till?, how long is the timetable valid?;
    \bis wann weiß ich, ob Sie das Angebot annehmen? [by] when will I know, whether you're going to accept the offer?;
    \bis wann bleibst du? how long are you staying [for]?
    2) räumlich as far as;
    der Zug geht nur \bis Wertheim the train's only going as far as Wertheim;
    er musterte ihn von oben \bis unten he looked him up and down;
    der Hof geht genau \bis dahinten hin the yard runs right through to the back;
    \bis dort/ dorthin/ dahin to, up to;
    \bis dort/ dahin sind es nur 3 Kilometer it's only 3 kilometres there;
    siehst du die Sandbank? wir schwimmen \bis dahin/ dorthin can you see the sandbank? we'll swim out to there;
    \bis dahin kenne ich den Film I know the film up to this point;
    \bis hierher up to this point;
    \bis hierher und nicht weiter as far as here [or up to here] and no further;
    \bis wo/wohin...? where... to?;
    bis wo/wohin können Sie mich mitnehmen? where can you take me to?, how far can you take me?;
    \bis wo/wohin sind wir in der letzten Stunde gekommen? where did we get to [or how far did we get] in the last lesson?
    3) ( erreichend) up to;
    die Tagestemperaturen steigen \bis [zu] 30ºC daytime temperatures rise to 30ºC;
    sie war \bis zum 17. Lebensjahr im Internat she was at boarding school until she was 17;
    ( unterhalb) under, up to;
    Kinder \bis sechs Jahren children under six [years of age] [or up to the age of six]
    1) zeitlich till, until;
    \bis gegen 8 Uhr until about 8 o' clock;
    \bis in die frühen Morgenstunden until the early hours [of the morning];
    \bis spät in die Nacht long into the night;
    \bis zu dieser Stunde habe ich davon nichts gewusst! I knew nothing about it until now;
    der Bau dürfte \bis zu Weihnachten fertig sein the construction work should be finished by Christmas;
    \bis anhin ( SCHWEIZ) ( bis jetzt) up to now;
    \bis und mit ( SCHWEIZ) ( bis einschließlich) up to and including
    2) räumlich into, to;
    \bis an/in/ über/ unter etw akk right up to/into/over/up to sth;
    die Äste reichen \bis ans Haus the branches reach right up to the house;
    jetzt sind es nur noch zwei Stunden \bis nach Hause it's only another two hours until we get home
    3) bei Alters-, Maß-, Mengen-, Temperaturangaben ( erreichend)
    \bis zu... up to;
    Jugendliche \bis zu 18 Jahren adolescents up to 18 [years of age]
    \bis auf jdn/ etw;
    ( SCHWEIZ) \bis an jdn/ etw except [for] sb/sth konj
    1) ( beiordnend) to;
    400 \bis 500 Gramm Schinken 400 to 500 grams of ham;
    das Wetter morgen: bewölkt \bis bedeckt und strichweise leichter Regen the weather for tomorrow: cloudy or overcast with light rain in places
    2) unterordnend: zeitlich ( bevor) by the time, till, until;
    \bis es dunkel wird, möchte ich zu Hause sein I want to be home by the time it gets dark;
    ich warte noch, \bis es dunkel wird I'll wait until it gets dark;
    ( bevor nicht) till, until;
    \bis die Hausaufgaben gemacht sind, geht ihr nicht raus! you're not going out until your homework's done!

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > bis

  • 10 Unter

    I Präp. (+ Dat)
    1. under, below; (bes. direkt unter) underneath; unter... hervor from under...; unter 21 ( Jahren) under 21 (years of age); unter zehn Euro under ( oder less than) ten euros; unter seiner Regierung under ( oder during) his reign; unter sich haben (Angestellte, Abteilung etc.) be in charge of; Land unter! land under water!
    2. (zwischen) among; einer unter vielen one of many; nicht einer unter hundert not one in a hundred; unter anderem (u.a.) among other things
    3. unter Beifall amid applause; unter Tränen in tears, tearfully; unter großem Gelächter amid gales of laughter
    4. unter der Woche during the week; unter Mittag / Tags at ( oder around) midday / during the day
    5. unter diesem Gesichtspunkt from this point of view; was versteht man unter...? what is meant by...?; Kritik, Würde, uns etc.
    II Präp. (+ Akk) under; die Temperaturen sanken unter den Gefrierpunkt the temperatures dropped below freezing point; wir mischten uns unter die Menge we mixed with the crowd; etw. unter die Leute bringen (Neuigkeit etc.) spread s.th.
    * * *
    nether (Adj.); lower (Adj.);
    (mitten unter) between (Präp.); among (Präp.);
    (unterhalb) below (Präp.); beneath (Präp.); underneath (Präp.); under (Präp.)
    * * *
    ụn|ter ['ʊntɐ]
    prep
    1) +dat (= unterhalb von) under; (= drunter) underneath, below; (Unterordnung ausdrückend) under; (= zwischen, innerhalb) among(st); (= weniger, geringer als) under, below

    unter 18 Jahren/EUR 50 — under 18 years (of age)/50 euros

    Städte unter 10.000 Einwohner(n) — towns with a population of under or below 10,000

    unter anderem — among other things, inter alia (form)

    2) +acc under

    bis unter das Dach voll mit... — full to bursting with...

    * * *
    1) (in shares or parts to each person (in a group etc): Divide the chocolate amongst you.) among
    2) (in shares or parts to each person (in a group etc): Divide the chocolate amongst you.) amongst
    3) (lower in position, rank, standard etc than: She hurt her leg below the knee; His work is below standard.) below
    4) (in a lower position than; under; below: beneath the floorboards; beneath her coat.) beneath
    5) (not worthy of: It is beneath my dignity to do that.) beneath
    6) (in or to a position lower than, or covered by: Your pencil is under the chair; Strange plants grow under the sea.) under
    7) (subject to the authority of: As a foreman, he has about fifty workers under him.) under
    8) (used to express various states: The fort was under attack; The business improved under the new management; The matter is under consideration/discussion.) under
    9) (at or to a lower position (than); beneath: She was standing underneath the light; Have you looked underneath the bed?) underneath
    * * *
    un·ter
    [ˈʊntɐ]
    1. +dat (unterhalb von etw) under, underneath
    \unter der Jacke trug sie ein T-Shirt she wore a t-shirt under the jacket
    \unter freiem Himmel in the open air
    etw \unter dem Mikroskop betrachten to look at sth under the microscope
    das Haus war bis \unter das Dach voll mit alten Möbeln the house was full to the rafters with old furniture
    sich akk \unter die Dusche stellen to have a shower
    3. +dat (zahlen-, wertmäßig kleiner als) below
    die Temperaturen liegen hier immer \unter null the temperatures here are always below zero
    der Preis liegt \unter zehn Euro the price is less than ten euros
    \unter dem Durchschnitt liegen to be below average
    \unter 50 Stück less than 50 pieces
    Kinder \unter sechs Jahren children under six years of age
    etw \unter Wert verkaufen to sell sth at less than its value
    4. +dat (inmitten) among[st]
    \unter anderem amongst other things [or spec inter alia]
    einer \unter tausend one in a thousand
    einer \unter vielen one of many
    \unter sich dat sein to be by themselves
    5. +dat (zwischen) between
    \unter uns gesagt between you and me
    \unter Menschen gehen to get out [of the house]
    sich akk \unter das Volk mischen (fam) to mix with the people
    7. +dat (begleitet von) under
    \unter der Bedingung, dass... on condition that...
    \unter Beifall/Gelächter/Tränen amid applause/laughter/tears
    \unter Lebensgefahr at risk to one's life
    \unter Umständen possibly
    \unter Verwendung einer S. gen by using sth
    \unter Zwang under duress
    8. +dat o akk (zugeordnet sein) under
    was ist \unter diesem Begriff zu verstehen? what is meant by this term?
    \unter diesem Datum gibt es keinen Eintrag there is no entry under this date
    eine Abteilung \unter sich dat haben to be in charge of a department
    jdn \unter sich dat haben to have sb under one
    etw \unter ein Motto stellen to put sth under a motto
    \unter jds Schirmherrschaft under sb's patronage
    9. +dat (in einem Zustand) under
    \unter Druck/Strom stehen to be under pressure
    \unter einer Krankheit leiden to suffer from an illness
    10. + dat SÜDD (während) during
    \unter Mittag in the morning
    \unter der Woche during the week
    II. adv
    1. (jünger als) under
    er ist noch \unter 30 he's not yet turned 30
    2. (weniger als) less than
    * * *
    1.
    1) (Lage, Standort, Abhängigkeit, Unterordnung) under
    2) (weniger, niedriger usw. als)
    3) during; (modal)

    unter Angst/Tränen — in or out of fear/in tears

    4) (aus einer Gruppe) among[st]

    unter anderem — among[st] other things

    5) (zwischen) among[st]
    6) (Zustand) under

    unter Strom stehen — be live; s. auch Tag 1), Woche

    2.
    1) (Richtung, Ziel, Abhängigkeit, Unterordnung) under
    3) (zwischen) among[st]

    unter Strom/Dampf setzen — switch on/put under steam

    3.
    Adverb less than
    * * *
    Unter m; -s, -; (Spielkarte) jack, knave obs
    * * *
    1.
    1) (Lage, Standort, Abhängigkeit, Unterordnung) under
    2) (weniger, niedriger usw. als)
    3) during; (modal)

    unter Angst/Tränen — in or out of fear/in tears

    4) (aus einer Gruppe) among[st]

    unter anderem — among[st] other things

    5) (zwischen) among[st]
    6) (Zustand) under

    unter Strom stehen — be live; s. auch Tag 1), Woche

    2.
    1) (Richtung, Ziel, Abhängigkeit, Unterordnung) under
    3) (zwischen) among[st]

    unter Strom/Dampf setzen — switch on/put under steam

    3.
    Adverb less than
    * * *
    adj.
    hypo adj.
    inferior adj.
    underneath adj. adv.
    below adv.
    between adv. präp.
    among prep.
    beneath prep.
    nether prep.
    under prep.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Unter

  • 11 under

    below, beneath, during, miracle, over, in the process of, under, under-, underneath, wonder
    * * *
    I. (et -e) wonder ( fx it is a wonder that he escaped),
    ( stærkere) marvel ( fx the marvels of nature; a marvel of beauty);
    ( mirakel) miracle ( fx it is a miracle that he escaped);
    [ et Guds under] a miracle;
    [ det er intet under] that is no wonder;
    [ ved et under] by a miracle.
    II. (en -e)
    (af krydder etc) bottom (part).
    III. præp
    a) ( dækket af, bevægende sig under, underkastet) under ( fx the bed, a tree, the water; wear a sweater under one's jacket; hide something under a pillow; the river flows under a bridge; England under the Tudors; under control; he has 50 men under him);
    ( dækket af, også) underneath ( fx the bed; one's jacket);
    b) ( neden for, lavere nede end) below ( fx below the level of the sea; the sun sank below the horizon; below them in the valley; wounded below the knee; hit him below the belt);
    c) ( lavere i værdi, dygtighed etc end) below ( fx below me in
    intelligence; below the average; below par),
    ( i rang) under, below ( fx nobody under (el. below) the rank of captain; a colonel is under (el. below) a general in rank);
    d) ( mindre end) under ( fx children under six years of age; I won't do it under £5; I can't do it in under 2 hours), below ( fx below six years of age), less than ( fx in less than two hours);
    e) ( om tid: i løbet af) during ( fx during my stay in London; during the war);
    f) (F: ved datobetegnelse) bearing the date of ( fx a decree bearing the date of April 12);
    g) (genstand for behandling etc) under ( fx under repair; under construction), in process of;
    h) ( omgivet af) amid(st) ( fx he sat down amidst a painful silence, amid cheers);
    i) ( ved rubrikbetegnelse) under ( fx this is dealt with under the head of chemistry; the book is listed under biology);
    j) [ Udtryk]
    [ under dronning Victorias regering] during (el. in) the reign of Queen Victoria;
    [ under dronning Victoria] under Queen Victoria;
    IV. adv,
    [ neden under] below, underneath;

    Danish-English dictionary > under

  • 12 disopra di

    disopra di, al disopra di prep. over, above (anche fig.): lanciò la palla al disopra di del muro, he threw the ball over the wall; la palla passò appena al disopra di della rete, the ball skimmed over the net; l'aereo volava al disopra di delle nubi, the plane flew above the clouds; bambini al disopra di dei sei anni, children over six (years of age); numero al disopra di di cento, a number over a hundred; temperature al disopra di del normale, temperatures above normal; essere al disopra di di ogni sospetto, to be above suspicion; vivere al disopra di dei propri mezzi, to live above one's means.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > disopra di

  • 13 beneden

    beneden1
    bijwoord
    downook formeel below, in huis downstairs, pagina at the bottom
    voorbeelden:
    1   beneden wonen live on the ground floor
         iemand naar beneden halen afkraken run someone down
         naar beneden komen 〈langs trap enz.〉 come down(stairs); vallen fall down; crash vliegtuig; collapse muur, dak
         naar beneden gaan go down(stairs); met prijzen lower; go/come down prijzen
         naar beneden brengen bring down; kosten ook reduce
         naar beneden halen lower vlag; bring down vliegtuig
         de vijfde regel van beneden the fifth line up, the fifth line from the bottom
    ————————
    beneden2
    voorzetsel
    under below, beneath
    voorbeelden:
    1   kinderen beneden de zes jaar children under six (years of age)
         beneden de verwachtingen blijven fall short of expectations
         beneden de waarde verkopen sell below value
         beneden mijn waardigheid beneath my dignity
         scheepvaartbeneden de wind (to) leeward, downwind
         het beneden zich achten consider it beneath one

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > beneden

  • 14 kinderen beneden de zes jaar

    kinderen beneden de zes jaar

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > kinderen beneden de zes jaar

  • 15 Jahr

    n; -(e)s, -e
    1. Zeitspanne: year; ein halbes Jahr six months; anderthalb Jahre a year and a half, eighteen months; im Jahr 2003 in (the year) 2003; bis zum 31. Dezember d. J. (= dieses Jahres) until December 31st of this year; Anfang der achtziger Jahre in the early eighties; das ganze Jahr all year; alle Jahre every year; auf Jahre hinaus for years to come; im Lauf der Jahre through ( oder over) the years; in diesem / im nächsten Jahr this / next year; mit den Jahren with (the) years; nach Jahren after (many) years; nach Jahr und Tag after a very long time, (many) years later; seit Jahr und Tag for a long time, for many years; heute vor einem Jahr a year ago today; von Jahr zu Jahr from year to year; weitS. as the years go by; Jahr für Jahr year after year
    2. Alter: mit oder im Alter von 20 Jahren at the age of twenty; in den besten Jahren sein be in the prime of life; in die Jahre kommen be getting on (a bit), be getting a bit long in the tooth hum., Am. be getting up there; seine Jahre spüren feel one’s age; ( noch) jung an Jahren sein be (still) young ( oder in one’s youth); mit den Jahren lernt man das over the years, as the years go by; seine Jahre voll haben be able to retire (having contributed to pension fund for the necessary number of years), have reached retirement (age); Buckel 2
    * * *
    das Jahr
    year
    * * *
    [jaːɐ]
    nt -(e)s, -e
    1) year

    ein halbes Jáhr — six months sing or pl

    ein drei viertel Jáhr — nine months sing or pl

    anderthalb Jáhre — one and a half years sing, eighteen months sing or pl

    zwei Jáhre Garantie — a two-year guarantee

    im Jáhr(e) 1066 — in( the year) 1066

    die sechziger Jáhre — the sixties sing or pl

    alle Jáhre — every year

    alle zehn Jáhre — every ten years

    alle Jáhre wieder — year after year

    ein Jáhr ums andere — year after year

    auf Jáhre hinaus — for years ahead

    auf Jáhr und Tag — to the very day

    einmal im Jáhr(e) — once a year

    das ganze Jáhr über — all year (round or through)

    pro Jáhr — a year, per annum

    das Buch des Jáhres — the book of the year

    noch nach Jáhren — years later

    nach Jáhr und Tag — after (many) years

    vor Jáhr und Tag — (many) years ago

    seit Jáhr und Tag — for years

    mit den Jáhren — as( the) years go by, over the years

    zwischen den Jáhren (inf)between Christmas and New Year

    (freiwilliges) soziales/ökologisches Jáhr — year of voluntary work in the social services/environmental sector

    2)

    (= Alter, Lebensjahr) er ist zehn Jáhre (alt) — he is ten years old

    mit dreißig Jáhren — at the age of thirty

    Personen über 18 Jáhre/unter 18 Jáhren — people over/under (the age of) 18

    in die Jáhre kommen (inf)to be getting on (in years)

    man sieht ihm seine Jáhre nicht an — his age doesn't show

    in den besten Jáhren sein or stehen — to be in the prime of one's life

    mit den Jáhren — as one gets older

    * * *
    das
    1) (the period of time the earth takes to go once round the sun, about 365 days: We lived here for five years, from November 1968 to November 1973; a two-year delay.) year
    2) (the period from January 1 to December 31, being 365 days, except in a leap year, when it is 366 days: in the year 1945.) year
    * * *
    <-[e]s, -e>
    [ˈja:ɐ̯]
    nt
    1. (Zeitraum von 12 Monaten) year
    die 20er-/30er-\Jahre etc. the twenties/thirties etc. + sing/pl vb
    anderthalb \Jahre a year and a half
    ein dreiviertel \Jahr nine months
    ein halbes \Jahr six months, half a year
    das ganze \Jahr über throughout the whole year
    ein viertel \Jahr three months
    letztes [o im letzten] \Jahr last year
    nächstes [o im nächsten] \Jahr next year
    das neue \Jahr the new year
    alles Gute zu Weihnachten und viel Glück im neuen \Jahr! merry Christmas and a happy new year
    \Jahr für [o um] \Jahr year after year
    noch früh im \Jahr sein to be at the beginning of the year
    im \Jahre... in [the year]...
    ... im [o pro] \Jahr... a year
    ich gehe zweimal im \Jahr zum Arzt I go to the doctor's twice a year
    in diesem/im nächsten \Jahr this/next year
    in einem \Jahr/in... \Jahren in a year/in... years
    mit den \Jahren as the years go by, over the years
    mit... \Jahren at... [years of age]
    nach einem \Jahr after a year
    nach \Jahren for years
    vor einem \Jahr a year ago
    vor [...] \Jahren [...] years ago
    alle... \Jahre every... years
    alle hundert \Jahre ändert sich das Klima the climate changes every hundred years
    alle \Jahre wieder every year
    der/die/das... des \Jahres the... of the year
    dieser Bestseller wurde zum Buch des \Jahres gekürt this bestseller was chosen as book of the year
    auf \Jahre hinaus for years to come
    2. (Lebensjahre)... [years old]
    ... \Jahre jung sein (hum)... years young hum
    sie ist 80 \Jahre jung she's 80 years young
    3.
    in den besten \Jahren [sein] [to be] in one's prime
    im \Jahre des Heils (veraltet) in the year of grace old
    im \Jahre des Herrn anno domini, in the year of our Lord
    in die \Jahre kommen (euph fam) to be getting on [in years]
    nach/seit \Jahr und Tag (geh) after/for many years
    das verflixte siebte \Jahr (fam) the seven-year itch
    * * *
    das; Jahr[e]s, Jahre
    1) year

    anderthalb Jahre — eighteen months; a year and a half

    im Jahr[e] 1908 — in [the year] 1908

    jedes zweite Jahr — [once] every two years

    lange Jahre [hindurch] — for many years

    Jahr für od. um Jahr — year after year

    von Jahr zu Jahr — from one year to the next; from year to year

    vor Jahr und Tag(mit Präteritum) many years ago; (mit Plusquamperfekt) many years before

    2) (LebensJahr) year

    er ist zwanzig Jahre [alt] — he is twenty years old or of age

    Kinder bis zu zwölf Jahrenchildren up to the age of twelve or up to twelve years of age

    alle Männer zwischen 18 und 45 Jahren — all men between the ages of 18 and 45

    mit 65 Jahren od. im Alter von 65 Jahren — at the age of 65

    das hat er schon in jungen Jahren gelernthe learned that at an early age or while he was still young

    mit den Jahren — as he/she etc. grows/grew older

    * * *
    Jahr n; -(e)s, -e
    1. Zeitspanne: year;
    ein halbes Jahr six months;
    anderthalb Jahre a year and a half, eighteen months;
    im Jahr 2003 in (the year) 2003;
    bis zum 31. Dezember d. J. (=
    dieses Jahres) until December 31st of this year;
    Anfang der achtziger Jahre in the early eighties;
    das ganze Jahr all year;
    alle Jahre every year;
    auf Jahre hinaus for years to come;
    im Lauf der Jahre through ( oder over) the years;
    in diesem/im nächsten Jahr this/next year;
    mit den Jahren with (the) years;
    nach Jahren after (many) years;
    nach Jahr und Tag after a very long time, (many) years later;
    seit Jahr und Tag for a long time, for many years;
    heute vor einem Jahr a year ago today;
    von Jahr zu Jahr from year to year; weitS. as the years go by;
    Jahr für Jahr year after year
    2. Alter:
    im Alter von 20 Jahren at the age of twenty;
    in den besten Jahren sein be in the prime of life;
    in die Jahre kommen be getting on (a bit), be getting a bit long in the tooth hum, US be getting up there;
    seine Jahre spüren feel one’s age;
    (noch) jung an Jahren sein be (still) young ( oder in one’s youth);
    mit den Jahren lernt man das over the years, as the years go by;
    seine Jahre vollhaben be able to retire (having contributed to pension fund for the necessary number of years), have reached retirement (age); Buckel 2
    * * *
    das; Jahr[e]s, Jahre
    1) year

    anderthalb Jahre — eighteen months; a year and a half

    im Jahr[e] 1908 — in [the year] 1908

    jedes zweite Jahr — [once] every two years

    lange Jahre [hindurch] — for many years

    Jahr für od. um Jahr — year after year

    von Jahr zu Jahr — from one year to the next; from year to year

    vor Jahr und Tag(mit Präteritum) many years ago; (mit Plusquamperfekt) many years before

    2) (LebensJahr) year

    er ist zwanzig Jahre [alt] — he is twenty years old or of age

    mit 65 Jahren od. im Alter von 65 Jahren — at the age of 65

    mit den Jahren — as he/she etc. grows/grew older

    * * *
    -e n.
    year n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Jahr

  • 16 über

    I Präp.
    1. räumlich: over, above; (höher als) auch higher than; (über... hinaus) beyond; sie wohnt über uns she lives (on the floor) above us; über der Stadt tobte ein Gewitter a storm was raging over the town; über uns nichts als blauer Himmel nothing above us but blue sky; er stand bis über die Knöchel im Schlamm the mud came up past his ankles; über jemandem stehen fig. (überlegen sein) be above s.o. (auch beruflich); über den Dingen stehen fig. be above such things
    2. (quer über) across; über die Straße gehen cross the street; über den Fluss schwimmen swim across the river; jemandem über das Haar streichen stroke s.o.’s hair; Tränen liefen ihr über die Wangen tears ran down her cheeks
    3. (in Richtung) via, through; über München nach Rom to Rome via Munich; geht der Zug über Frankfurt? does the train go through ( oder via) Frankfurt?
    4. bei einer Tätigkeit etc.: over; über den Büchern sitzen sit ( oder pore) over one’s books; über der Arbeit / seiner Lektüre einschlafen fall asleep over one’s work / while reading
    5. über meine Kräfte ( hinaus) beyond my strength; das geht über meinen Verstand it’s beyond me, it’s above my head; das geht ihm über alles it means more than anything to him; es geht nichts über... there’s nothing like...
    6. (mehr als) over, more than; amtlich: exceeding; Temperaturen über null above freezing ( oder zero); über 30 Grad over 30 degrees; er ist über 70 Jahre alt past ( oder over) seventy; man muss über 18 ( Jahre) sein you must be over 18
    7. (+ Akk) (wegen) over, about; über jemanden lachen laugh at / make fun of s.o.; sich (Dat) über etw. Sorgen machen worry about s.th.
    8. (+ Akk) (in Höhe von): eine Rechnung über 400 Euro a bill for 400 euros
    9. (während) during, while; über Nacht overnight; über das Wochenende over the weekend; über einige Jahre verteilt spread over several years; über kurz oder lang sooner or later; über all dem Gerede habe ich die Kinder ganz vergessen with all this chatting I completely forgot about the children
    10. sprechen etc. über (+ Akk) about; Abhandlung, Werk, Vortrag über (+ Akk) on; über Geschäfte / den Beruf / Politik reden talk business / shop / politics; nachdenken über (+ Akk) think about
    11. verstärkend: Fehler über Fehler one mistake after the other; Ärger über Ärger no end of trouble; er hat Schulden über Schulden he’s up to his ears in debt
    II Adv.: über und über all over; die ganze Zeit über all along; den ganzen Tag etc. über throughout the day etc.; etw. über sein umg. have had enough of s.th., be sick and tired of s.th.; übrig, vorüber, überhaben etc.
    * * *
    by way of; over; across; via; about; above; on
    * * *
    ['yːbɐ]
    1. prep
    1) +acc (räumlich) over; (= quer über) across; (= weiter als) beyond

    etw ǘber etw hängen/stellen — to hang/put sth over or above sth

    es wurde ǘber alle Sender ausgestrahlt — it was broadcast over all transmitters

    er lachte ǘber das ganze Gesicht — he was beaming all over his face

    2) +dat (räumlich) (Lage, Standort) over, above; (= jenseits) over, across

    zwei Grad ǘber null — two degrees (above zero)

    ǘber der Stadt lag dichter Nebel — a thick mist hung over the town

    ǘber uns lachte die Sonne — the sun smiled above us

    er trug den Mantel ǘber dem Arm — he was carrying his coat over his arm

    ǘber jdm stehen or sein (fig)to be over or above sb

    er steht ǘber der Situation (fig)he is above it all

    3) +dat (zeitlich = bei, während) over

    ǘber der Arbeit einschlafen — to fall asleep over one's work

    etw ǘber einem Glas Wein besprechen — to discuss sth over a glass of wine

    ǘber all der Aufregung/unserer Unterhaltung habe ich ganz vergessen, dass... — in all the or what with all the excitement/what with all this chatting I quite forgot that...

    ǘber Mittag geht er meist nach Hause — he usually goes home at lunch or at midday

    4) +acc

    Cäsars Sieg ǘber die Gallier — Caesar's victory over the Gauls

    Gewalt ǘber jdn haben — to have power over sb

    es kam plötzlich ǘber ihn — it suddenly came over him

    sie liebt ihn ǘber alles — she loves him more than anything

    das geht mir ǘber den Verstand — that's beyond my understanding

    Fluch ǘber dich! (obs)a curse upon you! (obs)

    5) +acc (= vermittels, auf dem Wege über) via

    die Nummer erfährt man ǘber die Auskunft — you'll get the number from or through or via information

    wir sind ǘber die Autobahn gekommen — we came by or via the autobahn

    nach Köln ǘber Aachen — to Cologne via Aachen

    Zug nach Frankfurt ǘber Wiesbaden und Mainz — train to Frankfurt via or stopping at or calling at (Brit) Wiesbaden and Mainz

    6) +acc (zeitlich) (= innerhalb eines Zeitraums, länger als) over

    ǘber Weihnachten — over Christmas

    bis ǘber Ostern — until after Easter

    den ganzen Sommer ǘber — all summer long

    ǘber Wochen (ausgedehnt) — for weeks on end

    die ganze Zeit ǘber — all the time

    das ganze Jahr ǘber — all through the year, all year round

    ǘber kurz oder lang — sooner or later

    es ist ǘber vierzehn Tage her, dass... — it's over fourteen days since...

    7) +acc (bei Zahlenangaben) (= in Höhe von) for; (= mehr als) over

    ein Scheck ǘber 20 Euro — a cheque (Brit) or check (US) for 20 euros

    eine Rechnung von ǘber £ 100 — a bill for over or of over £100

    Kinder ǘber 14 Jahre — children over 14 years or of 14 (years of age) and over

    Städte ǘber 50.000 Einwohner — towns of over 50,000 inhabitants

    Pakete ǘber 10 kg — parcels (esp Brit) or packages over 10 kgs

    8) +acc (= wegen) over; (= betreffend) about

    ein Buch/Film/Vortrag etc ǘber... — a book/film/lecture etc about or on...

    was wissen Sie ǘber ihn? — what do you know about him?

    ǘber welches Thema schreiben Sie Ihr neues Buch? — what's the subject of your new book?, what's your new book about?

    ǘber Politik/Wörterbücher/Fußball etc reden — to talk (about) politics/dictionaries/football etc

    ǘber jdn/etw lachen — to laugh about or at sb/sth

    sich ǘber etw freuen/ärgern — to be pleased/angry about or at sth

    9) +acc (steigernd) upon

    Fehler ǘber Fehler — mistake upon or after mistake, one mistake after another

    2. adv

    ǘber und ǘber — all over

    er wurde ǘber und ǘber rot — he went red all over

    ich stecke ǘber und ǘber in Schulden — I am up to my ears in debt

    (das) Gewehr ǘber! (Mil)shoulder arms!

    ǘber sein (inf)to be better than sb at sth

    * * *
    1) (on the subject of: We talked about our plans; What's the book about?) about
    2) (in a higher position than: a picture above the fireplace.) above
    3) (greater than: The child's intelligence is above average.) above
    4) (to the other side (of); from one side to the other side of: He took her across the road.) across
    5) (through; along; across: We came by the main road.) by
    6) (more than: His salary is in excess of $25,000 a year.) in excess of
    7) (about: a book on the theatre.) on
    8) (higher than; above in position, number, authority etc: Hang that picture over the fireplace; He's over 90 years old.) over
    9) (from one side to another, on or above the top of; on the other side of: He jumped over the gate; She fell over the cat; My friend lives over the street.) over
    10) (covering: He put his handkerchief over his face.) over
    11) (across: You find people like him all over the world.) over
    12) (while having etc: He fell asleep over his dinner.) over
    13) (finished: The affair is over now.) over
    14) (by way of: We went to America via Japan; The news reached me via my aunt.) via
    * * *
    [ˈy:bɐ]
    1. +dat (oberhalb) above
    \über dem Waschbecken befindet sich ein Spiegel there's a mirror above the washbasin
    2. +dat (unmittelbar auf) over
    \über diesem Pullover kannst du keinen roten Mantel tragen you can't wear a red coat over that pullover
    reinige die Flasche \über der Spüle clean the bottle over the sink
    \über der Straße across the street
    4. +akk (höher als) over
    er hängte ein Schild über die Tür he hang a sign over the door
    5. +akk (querend) over
    reichst du mir mal den Kaffee \über den Tisch? can you pass me the coffee across the table?
    die Brücke führt \über den Fluss the bridge goes over [or across] the river
    mit einem Satz sprang er \über den Graben with a single leap he jumped over [or across] [or cleared] the ditch
    6. +akk (sich länger erstreckend: horizontal) beyond; (vertikal) above
    das Schloss ragte \über das Tal empor the castle towered above the valley
    bis \über die Knöchel im Dreck versinken to sink ankle-deep in mud
    7. +akk (erfassend) over
    der Scheinwerferstrahl strich \über die Mauer und den Gefängnishof the spotlight swept over [or across] the wall and the prison courtyard
    ein Blick \über etw a view of [or over] sth
    ein Überblick \über etw an overview of sth
    8. +akk (bedeckend) over
    sie breitete eine Tischdecke \über den Tisch she spread a tablecloth over the table
    9. +akk (berührend) over
    er strich ihr \über das Haar/die Wange he stroked her hair/cheek
    seid ihr auf eurer Tour auch \über München gekommen? did you go through Munich on your trip?
    Zug nach Berlin über Leipzig train to Berlin via [or stopping at] Leipzig
    11. +akk (überlegen, vorrangig) above
    er steht \über den Dingen he is above it all
    12. +akk (zeitlich länger) over
    es ist \über eine Woche her, dass... it's over a week since...
    bis \über Weihnachten until after Christmas
    13. +akk (während) over
    habt ihr \über das Wochenende schon was vor? have you got anything planned for [or over] the weekend?
    \über Wochen for weeks on end
    vergiss \über dem ganzen Ärger aber nicht, dass wir dich lieben don't forget in the midst of all this trouble that we love you
    irgendwie muss ich \über diesem Gedanken wohl eingeschlafen sein I must have somehow fallen asleep [whilst] thinking about it
    sie sitzt \über ihren Büchern she is sitting over her books
    15. +dat (mehr als) over
    Kinder \über sechs [Jahre] children over six years [or of six years and over]
    bei \über 40° C... at a temperature [or temperatures] of more than [or over] 40° C...
    ich gebe Ihnen einen Scheck \über Euro 5.000 I'm giving you a cheque for 5,000 euros
    17. +akk (betreffend) about
    ich darf Ihnen keine Auskunft \über diese Sache geben I can't give you any information about [or on] this affair
    ein Buch \über jdn/etw schreiben to write a book about [or on] sb/sth
    18. +akk (mithilfe von) through
    ich habe diese Stelle \über Beziehungen bekommen I got this position through being well connected
    19. + akk RADIO, TV (etw benutzend) on
    \über Satellit empfange ich 63 Programme I can receive 63 channels via [or on] satellite
    20.
    ... \über... nothing but...
    es waren Vögel \über Vögel, die über uns hinwegrauschten! [what seemed like] an endless stream of birds flew over us!
    Fehler \über Fehler nothing but mistakes, mistake after [or upon] mistake!
    Reden \über Reden speech after speech
    \über alles more than anything
    sein Hund geht ihm \über alles he loves his dog more than anything else
    II. adv
    1. (älter als) over
    Kinder, die \über sechs Jahre alt sind,... children over six
    2. (mehr als) more than
    3. (während) through
    das ganze Jahr/den ganzen Sommer \über all through the year/summer
    den ganzen Tag \über all day long
    4.
    \über und \über all over, completely
    ihr seid \über und \über mit Schlamm verschmiert! you're completely covered [or covered all over] in mud!
    \über und \über verdreckt sein to be absolutely filthy
    III. adj (fam)
    \über sein to be left; Essen to be left [over]
    etw [für jdn] \über haben to have sth left [for sb]; Essen to have sth left [over] [for sb]
    jdm [in etw dat] \über sein to be better than [or fam have the edge on] sb [in sth]
    jdm auf einem bestimmten Gebiet \über sein to be better than sb in a certain field
    * * *
    1.
    1) (Lage, Standort) over; above; (in einer Rangfolge) above

    über jemandem stehen(fig.) be above somebody

    2) (während) during

    über dem Lesen einschlafen — fall asleep over one's book/magazine etc.

    3) (infolge) because of; as a result of

    über der Aufregung vergaß ich, dass... — in all the excitement I forgot that...

    2.
    1) (Richtung) over; (quer hinüber) across

    über die Straße gehen — go across the road; cross the road

    er zog sich (Dat.) die Mütze über die Ohren — he pulled the cap down over his ears

    2) (während) over

    über Wochen/Monate — for weeks/months

    die Woche/den Sommer über — during the week/summer

    den ganzen Winter/Tag über — all winter/day long

    3) (betreffend) about

    über etwas reden/schreiben — talk/write about something

    4) (in Höhe von)

    ein Scheck/eine Rechnung über 1 000 Euro — a cheque/bill for 1,000 euros

    5) (von mehr als)

    Kinder über 10 Jahre — children over ten [years of age]

    6)
    7)
    8)
    9) (mittels, durch) through < person>; by <post, telex, etc.>; over <radio, loudspeaker>

    etwas über alle Sender bringen/ausstrahlen — broadcast something on all stations

    3.
    1) (mehr als) over
    2)
    4.
    Adjektiv; nicht attr. (ugs.)
    * * *
    A. präp
    1. räumlich: over, above; (höher als) auch higher than; (über … hinaus) beyond;
    sie wohnt über uns she lives (on the floor) above us;
    über der Stadt tobte ein Gewitter a storm was raging over the town;
    über uns nichts als blauer Himmel nothing above us but blue sky;
    er stand bis über die Knöchel im Schlamm the mud came up past his ankles;
    über jemandem stehen fig (überlegen sein) be above sb (auch beruflich);
    über den Dingen stehen fig be above such things
    2. (quer über) across;
    über die Straße gehen cross the street;
    über den Fluss schwimmen swim across the river;
    Tränen liefen ihr über die Wangen tears ran down her cheeks
    3. (in Richtung) via, through;
    über München nach Rom to Rome via Munich;
    geht der Zug über Frankfurt? does the train go through ( oder via) Frankfurt?
    4. bei einer Tätigkeit etc: over;
    über den Büchern sitzen sit ( oder pore) over one’s books;
    über der Arbeit/seiner Lektüre einschlafen fall asleep over one’s work/while reading
    5.
    über meine Kräfte (hinaus) beyond my strength;
    das geht über meinen Verstand it’s beyond me, it’s above my head;
    das geht ihm über alles it means more than anything to him;
    es geht nichts über … there’s nothing like …
    6. (mehr als) over, more than; amtlich: exceeding;
    über null above freezing ( oder zero);
    über 30 Grad over 30 degrees;
    über 70 Jahre alt past ( oder over) seventy;
    man muss über 18 (Jahre) sein you must be over 18
    7. (+akk) (wegen) over, about;
    über jemanden lachen laugh at/make fun of sb;
    sich (dat)
    über etwas Sorgen machen worry about sth
    8. (+akk) (in Höhe von):
    eine Rechnung über 400 Euro a bill for 400 euros
    9. (während) during, while;
    über Nacht overnight;
    über das Wochenende over the weekend;
    über einige Jahre verteilt spread over several years;
    über kurz oder lang sooner or later;
    über all dem Gerede habe ich die Kinder ganz vergessen with all this chatting I completely forgot about the children
    10. sprechen etc
    über (+akk) about;
    Abhandlung, Werk, Vortrag
    über (+akk) on;
    über Geschäfte/den Beruf/Politik reden talk business/shop/politics;
    nachdenken über (+akk) think about
    Fehler über Fehler one mistake after the other;
    Ärger über Ärger no end of trouble;
    er hat Schulden über Schulden he’s up to his ears in debt
    B. adv:
    über und über all over;
    über throughout the day etc;
    etwas über sein umg have had enough of sth, be sick and tired of sth; übrig, vorüber, überhaben etc
    über…, Über… im adj & subst etc meist over…, hyper…
    * * *
    1.
    1) (Lage, Standort) over; above; (in einer Rangfolge) above

    über jemandem stehen(fig.) be above somebody

    2) (während) during

    über dem Lesen einschlafen — fall asleep over one's book/magazine etc.

    3) (infolge) because of; as a result of

    über der Aufregung vergaß ich, dass... — in all the excitement I forgot that...

    2.
    1) (Richtung) over; (quer hinüber) across

    über die Straße gehen — go across the road; cross the road

    er zog sich (Dat.) die Mütze über die Ohren — he pulled the cap down over his ears

    2) (während) over

    über Wochen/Monate — for weeks/months

    die Woche/den Sommer über — during the week/summer

    den ganzen Winter/Tag über — all winter/day long

    3) (betreffend) about

    über etwas reden/schreiben — talk/write about something

    4) (in Höhe von)

    ein Scheck/eine Rechnung über 1 000 Euro — a cheque/bill for 1,000 euros

    5) (von mehr als)

    Kinder über 10 Jahre — children over ten [years of age]

    6)
    7)
    8)
    9) (mittels, durch) through < person>; by <post, telex, etc.>; over <radio, loudspeaker>

    etwas über alle Sender bringen/ausstrahlen — broadcast something on all stations

    3.
    1) (mehr als) over
    2)
    4.
    Adjektiv; nicht attr. (ugs.)
    * * *
    präp.
    about prep.
    above prep.
    across prep.
    at prep.
    beyond prep.
    by prep.
    of prep.
    on prep.
    over prep.
    via prep.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > über

  • 17 Über

    I Präp.
    1. räumlich: over, above; (höher als) auch higher than; (über... hinaus) beyond; sie wohnt über uns she lives (on the floor) above us; über der Stadt tobte ein Gewitter a storm was raging over the town; über uns nichts als blauer Himmel nothing above us but blue sky; er stand bis über die Knöchel im Schlamm the mud came up past his ankles; über jemandem stehen fig. (überlegen sein) be above s.o. (auch beruflich); über den Dingen stehen fig. be above such things
    2. (quer über) across; über die Straße gehen cross the street; über den Fluss schwimmen swim across the river; jemandem über das Haar streichen stroke s.o.’s hair; Tränen liefen ihr über die Wangen tears ran down her cheeks
    3. (in Richtung) via, through; über München nach Rom to Rome via Munich; geht der Zug über Frankfurt? does the train go through ( oder via) Frankfurt?
    4. bei einer Tätigkeit etc.: over; über den Büchern sitzen sit ( oder pore) over one’s books; über der Arbeit / seiner Lektüre einschlafen fall asleep over one’s work / while reading
    5. über meine Kräfte ( hinaus) beyond my strength; das geht über meinen Verstand it’s beyond me, it’s above my head; das geht ihm über alles it means more than anything to him; es geht nichts über... there’s nothing like...
    6. (mehr als) over, more than; amtlich: exceeding; Temperaturen über null above freezing ( oder zero); über 30 Grad over 30 degrees; er ist über 70 Jahre alt past ( oder over) seventy; man muss über 18 ( Jahre) sein you must be over 18
    7. (+ Akk) (wegen) over, about; über jemanden lachen laugh at / make fun of s.o.; sich (Dat) über etw. Sorgen machen worry about s.th.
    8. (+ Akk) (in Höhe von): eine Rechnung über 400 Euro a bill for 400 euros
    9. (während) during, while; über Nacht overnight; über das Wochenende over the weekend; über einige Jahre verteilt spread over several years; über kurz oder lang sooner or later; über all dem Gerede habe ich die Kinder ganz vergessen with all this chatting I completely forgot about the children
    10. sprechen etc. über (+ Akk) about; Abhandlung, Werk, Vortrag über (+ Akk) on; über Geschäfte / den Beruf / Politik reden talk business / shop / politics; nachdenken über (+ Akk) think about
    11. verstärkend: Fehler über Fehler one mistake after the other; Ärger über Ärger no end of trouble; er hat Schulden über Schulden he’s up to his ears in debt
    II Adv.: über und über all over; die ganze Zeit über all along; den ganzen Tag etc. über throughout the day etc.; etw. über sein umg. have had enough of s.th., be sick and tired of s.th.; übrig, vorüber, überhaben etc.
    * * *
    by way of; over; across; via; about; above; on
    * * *
    ['yːbɐ]
    1. prep
    1) +acc (räumlich) over; (= quer über) across; (= weiter als) beyond

    etw ǘber etw hängen/stellen — to hang/put sth over or above sth

    es wurde ǘber alle Sender ausgestrahlt — it was broadcast over all transmitters

    er lachte ǘber das ganze Gesicht — he was beaming all over his face

    2) +dat (räumlich) (Lage, Standort) over, above; (= jenseits) over, across

    zwei Grad ǘber null — two degrees (above zero)

    ǘber der Stadt lag dichter Nebel — a thick mist hung over the town

    ǘber uns lachte die Sonne — the sun smiled above us

    er trug den Mantel ǘber dem Arm — he was carrying his coat over his arm

    ǘber jdm stehen or sein (fig)to be over or above sb

    er steht ǘber der Situation (fig)he is above it all

    3) +dat (zeitlich = bei, während) over

    ǘber der Arbeit einschlafen — to fall asleep over one's work

    etw ǘber einem Glas Wein besprechen — to discuss sth over a glass of wine

    ǘber all der Aufregung/unserer Unterhaltung habe ich ganz vergessen, dass... — in all the or what with all the excitement/what with all this chatting I quite forgot that...

    ǘber Mittag geht er meist nach Hause — he usually goes home at lunch or at midday

    4) +acc

    Cäsars Sieg ǘber die Gallier — Caesar's victory over the Gauls

    Gewalt ǘber jdn haben — to have power over sb

    es kam plötzlich ǘber ihn — it suddenly came over him

    sie liebt ihn ǘber alles — she loves him more than anything

    das geht mir ǘber den Verstand — that's beyond my understanding

    Fluch ǘber dich! (obs)a curse upon you! (obs)

    5) +acc (= vermittels, auf dem Wege über) via

    die Nummer erfährt man ǘber die Auskunft — you'll get the number from or through or via information

    wir sind ǘber die Autobahn gekommen — we came by or via the autobahn

    nach Köln ǘber Aachen — to Cologne via Aachen

    Zug nach Frankfurt ǘber Wiesbaden und Mainz — train to Frankfurt via or stopping at or calling at (Brit) Wiesbaden and Mainz

    6) +acc (zeitlich) (= innerhalb eines Zeitraums, länger als) over

    ǘber Weihnachten — over Christmas

    bis ǘber Ostern — until after Easter

    den ganzen Sommer ǘber — all summer long

    ǘber Wochen (ausgedehnt) — for weeks on end

    die ganze Zeit ǘber — all the time

    das ganze Jahr ǘber — all through the year, all year round

    ǘber kurz oder lang — sooner or later

    es ist ǘber vierzehn Tage her, dass... — it's over fourteen days since...

    7) +acc (bei Zahlenangaben) (= in Höhe von) for; (= mehr als) over

    ein Scheck ǘber 20 Euro — a cheque (Brit) or check (US) for 20 euros

    eine Rechnung von ǘber £ 100 — a bill for over or of over £100

    Kinder ǘber 14 Jahre — children over 14 years or of 14 (years of age) and over

    Städte ǘber 50.000 Einwohner — towns of over 50,000 inhabitants

    Pakete ǘber 10 kg — parcels (esp Brit) or packages over 10 kgs

    8) +acc (= wegen) over; (= betreffend) about

    ein Buch/Film/Vortrag etc ǘber... — a book/film/lecture etc about or on...

    was wissen Sie ǘber ihn? — what do you know about him?

    ǘber welches Thema schreiben Sie Ihr neues Buch? — what's the subject of your new book?, what's your new book about?

    ǘber Politik/Wörterbücher/Fußball etc reden — to talk (about) politics/dictionaries/football etc

    ǘber jdn/etw lachen — to laugh about or at sb/sth

    sich ǘber etw freuen/ärgern — to be pleased/angry about or at sth

    9) +acc (steigernd) upon

    Fehler ǘber Fehler — mistake upon or after mistake, one mistake after another

    2. adv

    ǘber und ǘber — all over

    er wurde ǘber und ǘber rot — he went red all over

    ich stecke ǘber und ǘber in Schulden — I am up to my ears in debt

    (das) Gewehr ǘber! (Mil)shoulder arms!

    ǘber sein (inf)to be better than sb at sth

    * * *
    1) (on the subject of: We talked about our plans; What's the book about?) about
    2) (in a higher position than: a picture above the fireplace.) above
    3) (greater than: The child's intelligence is above average.) above
    4) (to the other side (of); from one side to the other side of: He took her across the road.) across
    5) (through; along; across: We came by the main road.) by
    6) (more than: His salary is in excess of $25,000 a year.) in excess of
    7) (about: a book on the theatre.) on
    8) (higher than; above in position, number, authority etc: Hang that picture over the fireplace; He's over 90 years old.) over
    9) (from one side to another, on or above the top of; on the other side of: He jumped over the gate; She fell over the cat; My friend lives over the street.) over
    10) (covering: He put his handkerchief over his face.) over
    11) (across: You find people like him all over the world.) over
    12) (while having etc: He fell asleep over his dinner.) over
    13) (finished: The affair is over now.) over
    14) (by way of: We went to America via Japan; The news reached me via my aunt.) via
    * * *
    [ˈy:bɐ]
    1. +dat (oberhalb) above
    \über dem Waschbecken befindet sich ein Spiegel there's a mirror above the washbasin
    2. +dat (unmittelbar auf) over
    \über diesem Pullover kannst du keinen roten Mantel tragen you can't wear a red coat over that pullover
    reinige die Flasche \über der Spüle clean the bottle over the sink
    \über der Straße across the street
    4. +akk (höher als) over
    er hängte ein Schild über die Tür he hang a sign over the door
    5. +akk (querend) over
    reichst du mir mal den Kaffee \über den Tisch? can you pass me the coffee across the table?
    die Brücke führt \über den Fluss the bridge goes over [or across] the river
    mit einem Satz sprang er \über den Graben with a single leap he jumped over [or across] [or cleared] the ditch
    6. +akk (sich länger erstreckend: horizontal) beyond; (vertikal) above
    das Schloss ragte \über das Tal empor the castle towered above the valley
    bis \über die Knöchel im Dreck versinken to sink ankle-deep in mud
    7. +akk (erfassend) over
    der Scheinwerferstrahl strich \über die Mauer und den Gefängnishof the spotlight swept over [or across] the wall and the prison courtyard
    ein Blick \über etw a view of [or over] sth
    ein Überblick \über etw an overview of sth
    8. +akk (bedeckend) over
    sie breitete eine Tischdecke \über den Tisch she spread a tablecloth over the table
    9. +akk (berührend) over
    er strich ihr \über das Haar/die Wange he stroked her hair/cheek
    seid ihr auf eurer Tour auch \über München gekommen? did you go through Munich on your trip?
    Zug nach Berlin über Leipzig train to Berlin via [or stopping at] Leipzig
    11. +akk (überlegen, vorrangig) above
    er steht \über den Dingen he is above it all
    12. +akk (zeitlich länger) over
    es ist \über eine Woche her, dass... it's over a week since...
    bis \über Weihnachten until after Christmas
    13. +akk (während) over
    habt ihr \über das Wochenende schon was vor? have you got anything planned for [or over] the weekend?
    \über Wochen for weeks on end
    vergiss \über dem ganzen Ärger aber nicht, dass wir dich lieben don't forget in the midst of all this trouble that we love you
    irgendwie muss ich \über diesem Gedanken wohl eingeschlafen sein I must have somehow fallen asleep [whilst] thinking about it
    sie sitzt \über ihren Büchern she is sitting over her books
    15. +dat (mehr als) over
    Kinder \über sechs [Jahre] children over six years [or of six years and over]
    bei \über 40° C... at a temperature [or temperatures] of more than [or over] 40° C...
    ich gebe Ihnen einen Scheck \über Euro 5.000 I'm giving you a cheque for 5,000 euros
    17. +akk (betreffend) about
    ich darf Ihnen keine Auskunft \über diese Sache geben I can't give you any information about [or on] this affair
    ein Buch \über jdn/etw schreiben to write a book about [or on] sb/sth
    18. +akk (mithilfe von) through
    ich habe diese Stelle \über Beziehungen bekommen I got this position through being well connected
    19. + akk RADIO, TV (etw benutzend) on
    \über Satellit empfange ich 63 Programme I can receive 63 channels via [or on] satellite
    20.
    ... \über... nothing but...
    es waren Vögel \über Vögel, die über uns hinwegrauschten! [what seemed like] an endless stream of birds flew over us!
    Fehler \über Fehler nothing but mistakes, mistake after [or upon] mistake!
    Reden \über Reden speech after speech
    \über alles more than anything
    sein Hund geht ihm \über alles he loves his dog more than anything else
    II. adv
    1. (älter als) over
    Kinder, die \über sechs Jahre alt sind,... children over six
    2. (mehr als) more than
    3. (während) through
    das ganze Jahr/den ganzen Sommer \über all through the year/summer
    den ganzen Tag \über all day long
    4.
    \über und \über all over, completely
    ihr seid \über und \über mit Schlamm verschmiert! you're completely covered [or covered all over] in mud!
    \über und \über verdreckt sein to be absolutely filthy
    III. adj (fam)
    \über sein to be left; Essen to be left [over]
    etw [für jdn] \über haben to have sth left [for sb]; Essen to have sth left [over] [for sb]
    jdm [in etw dat] \über sein to be better than [or fam have the edge on] sb [in sth]
    jdm auf einem bestimmten Gebiet \über sein to be better than sb in a certain field
    * * *
    1.
    1) (Lage, Standort) over; above; (in einer Rangfolge) above

    über jemandem stehen(fig.) be above somebody

    2) (während) during

    über dem Lesen einschlafen — fall asleep over one's book/magazine etc.

    3) (infolge) because of; as a result of

    über der Aufregung vergaß ich, dass... — in all the excitement I forgot that...

    2.
    1) (Richtung) over; (quer hinüber) across

    über die Straße gehen — go across the road; cross the road

    er zog sich (Dat.) die Mütze über die Ohren — he pulled the cap down over his ears

    2) (während) over

    über Wochen/Monate — for weeks/months

    die Woche/den Sommer über — during the week/summer

    den ganzen Winter/Tag über — all winter/day long

    3) (betreffend) about

    über etwas reden/schreiben — talk/write about something

    4) (in Höhe von)

    ein Scheck/eine Rechnung über 1 000 Euro — a cheque/bill for 1,000 euros

    5) (von mehr als)

    Kinder über 10 Jahre — children over ten [years of age]

    6)
    7)
    8)
    9) (mittels, durch) through < person>; by <post, telex, etc.>; over <radio, loudspeaker>

    etwas über alle Sender bringen/ausstrahlen — broadcast something on all stations

    3.
    1) (mehr als) over
    2)
    4.
    Adjektiv; nicht attr. (ugs.)
    * * *
    über…, Über… im adj & subst etc meist over…, hyper…
    * * *
    1.
    1) (Lage, Standort) over; above; (in einer Rangfolge) above

    über jemandem stehen(fig.) be above somebody

    2) (während) during

    über dem Lesen einschlafen — fall asleep over one's book/magazine etc.

    3) (infolge) because of; as a result of

    über der Aufregung vergaß ich, dass... — in all the excitement I forgot that...

    2.
    1) (Richtung) over; (quer hinüber) across

    über die Straße gehen — go across the road; cross the road

    er zog sich (Dat.) die Mütze über die Ohren — he pulled the cap down over his ears

    2) (während) over

    über Wochen/Monate — for weeks/months

    die Woche/den Sommer über — during the week/summer

    den ganzen Winter/Tag über — all winter/day long

    3) (betreffend) about

    über etwas reden/schreiben — talk/write about something

    4) (in Höhe von)

    ein Scheck/eine Rechnung über 1 000 Euro — a cheque/bill for 1,000 euros

    5) (von mehr als)

    Kinder über 10 Jahre — children over ten [years of age]

    6)
    7)
    8)
    9) (mittels, durch) through < person>; by <post, telex, etc.>; over <radio, loudspeaker>

    etwas über alle Sender bringen/ausstrahlen — broadcast something on all stations

    3.
    1) (mehr als) over
    2)
    4.
    Adjektiv; nicht attr. (ugs.)
    * * *
    präp.
    about prep.
    above prep.
    across prep.
    at prep.
    beyond prep.
    by prep.
    of prep.
    on prep.
    over prep.
    via prep.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Über

  • 18 Grundschule

    f primary school, Am. auch elementary ( oder grade) school
    * * *
    die Grundschule
    elementary school; grade school; grammar school; primary school
    * * *
    In Germany, children begin school at the age of six and attend Grundschule for four years. After the fourth year they take an aptitude test, which helps pupils and parents decide whether they should attend a Gymnasium, a Realschule or a Hauptschule. In Austria the corresponding school is called a Volksschule. In Switzerland children attend a Primarschule for the first three to six years (depending on canton) as part of the Volksschule. See: → Gymnasium, Hauptschule, Realschule
    * * *
    ((American) a primary school.) grade school
    * * *
    Grund·schu·le
    f primary [or AM elementary] [or AM grade] school
    * * *
    die primary school
    •• Cultural note:
    The primary school which all German children attend for four years from the age of 6 (some children do not start until they are 7). Lessons are intense but pupils only attend school for about 4 hours a day. At the end of the Grundschule, teachers and parents decide together which type of secondary school the child should attend
    * * *
    Grundschule f primary school, US auch elementary ( oder grade) school
    * * *
    die primary school
    •• Cultural note:
    The primary school which all German children attend for four years from the age of 6 (some children do not start until they are 7). Lessons are intense but pupils only attend school for about 4 hours a day. At the end of the Grundschule, teachers and parents decide together which type of secondary school the child should attend
    * * *
    -n f.
    elementary school (US) n.
    elementary school n.
    grade school (US) n.
    primary school n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Grundschule

  • 19 sopra

    onto
    * * *
    1. prep on
    ( riguardo a) about, on
    sopra il tavolo on the table
    l'uno sopra l'altro one on top of the other
    i bambini sopra cinque anni children over five
    5 gradi sopra lo zero 5 degrees above zero
    al di sopra di qualcosa over something
    2. adv on top
    ( al piano superiore) upstairs
    dormirci sopra sleep on it
    vedi sopra see above
    la parte di sopra the top or upper part
    * * *
    sopra avv.
    1 ( in luogo o posizione più elevata) up; on; above; ( in superficie) on top: la penna è lì sopra, the pen is on there; posa i libri qua sopra, put the books (on) here; appendilo più sopra, hang it higher up; un gelato con sopra le ciliegine, an ice-cream with cherries on top; nella valigia ti ho messo sotto le magliette sopra le camicie, I've put your vests at the bottom of the case and your shirts on top; sopra c'era neve fresca, sotto era tutto ghiaccio, there was fresh snow on top, but underneath it was all ice; il fumo veniva da sopra, smoke was coming from above // (al) di sopra disopra
    2 ( al piano superiore) upstairs; above: le camere da letto sono (di) sopra, the bedrooms are upstairs (o above); ci dev'essere qualcuno di sopra, there must be somebody upstairs (o above); sotto ci sono gli uffici, sopra le abitazioni, downstairs there are offices, upstairs (there are) the living quarters
    3 (precedentemente, in un testo o simili) above: vedi sopra, see above; come sopra, as above; in aggiunta a quanto sopra, in addition to the above; gli esempi sopra citati, the above-mentioned examples
    agg.invar. ( superiore) above: il piano (di) sopra, the floor above; leggi la riga sopra, read the line above
    s.m. ( la parte superiore) top: il (di) sopra è in plastica, the top is made of plastic.
    * * *
    ['sopra]
    1. prep
    1) (gen) over

    guadagna sopra i 2000 euro al mese — he earns over 2,000 euros a month

    pesa sopra il chiloit weighs over o more than a kilo

    sopra l'equatorenorth of o above the equator

    ha un appartamento sopra il negoziohe has a flat Brit o apartment Am over the shop

    3) (a contatto con) on, (moto) on(to), (in cima a) on (top of)
    4) (intorno a, riguardo a) about, on
    2. avv
    1) (su) up, (in superficie) on top

    metti tutto lì o là sopra — put everything up there

    sopra è un po' rovinato(libro, borsa) it's a bit damaged on top

    2)
    3) (prima) above

    per i motivi sopra illustrati — for the above-mentioned reasons, for the reasons shown above

    vedi/come sopra — see/as above

    4)
    3. sm

    il di sopra — the top, the upper part

    * * *
    ['sopra] 1.

    la tazza è sopra il o al tavolo the cup is on the table; il gelato è caduto sopra la sedia the ice cream fell on(to) the chair; passare le dita sopra qcs. to run one's fingers over sth.; scrivici sopra l'indirizzo write the address on it; mettilo sopra al mucchio put it on top of the pile; essere uno sopra l'altro — to be in a pile

    2) (senza contatto o per indicare rivestimento, protezione) over

    il quadro sopra il o al letto the picture over the bed; portare un maglione sopra la camicia to wear a sweater over one's shirt; tirarsi le lenzuola sopra la testa — to pull the sheets over one's head

    3) (più in alto di, più in su di) above; (a nord di) north of, above
    4) (oltre) above, over

    ragazze sopra i sedici annigirls over sixteen o above the age of sixteen

    5) (più di, che) over, above, more than

    amare qcn. sopra ogni altra cosa — to love sb. above all else

    6) (per indicare superiorità, dominio) over
    7) (intorno, rispetto a) on, about
    8) al di sopra di above, beyond, over

    al di sopra della media — above (the) average, above standard

    2.

    non prendere questo libro, prendi quello sopra — don't take that book, take the one on top (of it)

    in camicia avrai freddo, mettiti sopra una maglia — you'll be cold in a shirt, put a sweater on

    qua sopra, là sopra — on o up here, on o up there

    3.
    aggettivo invariabile (superiore) above
    4.
    sostantivo maschile invariabile (parte superiore) top (side)
    * * *
    sopra
    /'sopra/
     1 (in posizione superiore) (con contatto) on, upon; (con movimento) on, onto; (in cima a) on top of; la tazza è sopra il o al tavolo the cup is on the table; il gelato è caduto sopra la sedia the ice cream fell on(to) the chair; passare le dita sopra qcs. to run one's fingers over sth.; scrivici sopra l'indirizzo write the address on it; mettilo sopra al mucchio put it on top of the pile; essere uno sopra l'altro to be in a pile
     2 (senza contatto o per indicare rivestimento, protezione) over; il cielo sopra Londra the sky over London; il quadro sopra il o al letto the picture over the bed; portare un maglione sopra la camicia to wear a sweater over one's shirt; tirarsi le lenzuola sopra la testa to pull the sheets over one's head
     3 (più in alto di, più in su di) above; (a nord di) north of, above; sopra il ginocchio above the knee; abita sopra di me he lives in the flat above me; proprio sopra le nostre teste straight above our heads; sei gradi sopra lo zero six degrees above zero; sopra il livello del mare above sea level; Como è sopra Milano Como is north of Milan
     4 (oltre) above, over; ragazze sopra i sedici anni girls over sixteen o above the age of sixteen; il prezzo è sopra i 500 euro the price is over o above 500 euros
     5 (più di, che) over, above, more than; amare qcn. sopra ogni altra cosa to love sb. above all else
     6 (per indicare superiorità, dominio) over
     7 (intorno, rispetto a) on, about
     8 al di sopra di above, beyond, over; al di sopra degli alberi above the trees; i bambini al di sopra dei sei anni children (of) over six; al di sopra della media above (the) average, above standard; è al di sopra delle mie capacità it is beyond my ability; essere al di sopra di ogni sospetto to be above o beyond suspicion
     1 (in posizione più elevata) on, up; (senza contatto) above; (in cima) on top; due metri sopra two metres above; va sotto o sopra? does it go under or over? non prendere questo libro, prendi quello sopra don't take that book, take the one on top (of it); non metterci le dita sopra don't put your fingers on it; in camicia avrai freddo, mettiti sopra una maglia you'll be cold in a shirt, put a sweater on; da sopra from above; qua sopra, là sopra on o up here, on o up there
     2 (sulla superficie esterna) on top; un dolce con la cioccolata sopra a cake with chocolate on top
     3 (al piano superiore) upstairs; sopra ci sono tre camere there are three rooms upstairs; il rumore viene da sopra the noise is coming from upstairs
     4 (precedentemente) above; vedi sopra see above; come sopra ditto; come detto sopra as stated above; i nomi di cui sopra the above names
      (superiore) above; la parte sopra the upper part; la riga sopra the line above
    IV m.inv.
      (parte superiore) top (side).

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > sopra

  • 20 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

См. также в других словарях:

  • age — I UK [eɪdʒ] / US noun Word forms age : singular age plural ages *** Talking or writing about someone s age: asking about age how old used for asking someone their age or talking about their age: How old are you now, Peter? ♦ I m not sure how old… …   English dictionary

  • Children's rights in Mali — Children gathered in the town of Yanfolila. Children s rights in Mali are secured by several laws designed to protect children and provide for their welfare, including an ordinance that provides for regional positions as child delegates to… …   Wikipedia

  • Children's Hospital Colorado — Geography Location Aurora and Denver, Colorado, United States …   Wikipedia

  • CHILDREN'S LITERATURE — This entry is arranged according to the following outline: introduction CHILDREN S LITERATURE IN HEBREW early period …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • children's literature — Body of written works produced to entertain or instruct young people. The genre encompasses a wide range of works, including acknowledged classics of world literature, picture books and easy to read stories, and fairy tales, lullabies, fables,… …   Universalium

  • Children's Act for Responsible Employment (CARE Act) — This article is about Children s Act for Responsible Employment (CARE Act). For Other CARE Acts, see CARE Act (disambiguation). Contents 1 Background 2 CARE legislation …   Wikipedia

  • Children's Institute of Pittsburgh — The Children’s Institute of Pittsburgh is a nonprofit organization dedicated to children with special needs and their families in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States and Western Pennsylvania. Mary Irwin Laughlin founded The Children s… …   Wikipedia

  • Children of Lesbians and Gays Everywhere — COLAGE is an organization, created in 1989 by the children of several lesbian and gay male couples who felt a need for support. Though its membership is not necessarily lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning (LGBTQ) identified,… …   Wikipedia

  • Six Flags Astroworld — Infobox Amusement park name = AstroWorld location = Houston, Texas status = closed opening date = June 1, 1968 closing date = October 30, 2005 owner = NoneAstroWorld was a seasonally operated theme park located on approximately 57 acres of land… …   Wikipedia

  • Children's Mercy Hospital — This article is about Children s Mercy Hospital. For other similarly named hospitals, see Children s Hospital (disambiguation). Children s Mercy Hospitals Clinics …   Wikipedia

  • Six Mile, South Carolina — Infobox Settlement official name = Six Mile, South Carolina settlement type = Town nickname = motto = imagesize = image caption = image mapsize = 250px map caption = Location of Six Mile, South Carolina mapsize1 = map caption1 = subdivision type …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»